8 The Appendicular Skeleton C h a p t e r PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton The limbs The supportive girdles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8–1 The Appendicular Skeleton. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8–1 The Appendicular Skeleton. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Consists of Two clavicles Two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle The Clavicles Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle Figure 8–2 The Clavicle. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Also called shoulder blades Broad, flat triangles Articulate with arm and collarbone Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Structures of the scapula Body has three sides: superior border medial border (vertebral border) lateral border (axillary border) Body has three corners: superior angle inferior angle lateral angle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae The scapular head Holds glenoid cavity Which articulates with humerus To form shoulder joint Processes of the glenoid cavity Coracoid process: anterior, smaller Acromion: posterior, larger articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle Figure 8–3 The Scapula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pectoral Girdle The Scapulae Posterior features of the scapula Scapular spine: ridge across posterior surface of body Separates two regions: supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa 3D Rotation of Scapula, Clavicle, and Humerus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands Note: arm (brachium) = 1 bone, the humerus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Humerus Also called the arm The long, upper arm bone Articulates with the pelvic girdle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Humerus Tubercles of the proximal epiphysis Separated by the intertubercular groove: greater tubercle: lateral forms tip of shoulder lesser tubercle: anterior, medial Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Humerus Head: Anatomical neck: Surgical neck: Rounded, articulating surface Contained within joint capsule Anatomical neck: Margin of joint capsule Surgical neck: The narrow metaphysis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Humerus The Shaft Deltoid tuberosity: a bulge in the shaft attaches deltoid muscle Radial groove: for radial nerve posterior to deltoid tuberosity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Humerus The distal epiphysis Medial and lateral epicondyles: for muscle attachment Condyle of the humerus: articulates with ulna and radius Articular regions of the condyle Trochlea: coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa articulates with ulna Capitulum: radial fossa articulates with radius Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–4a The Humerus. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–4b The Humerus. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Forearm (also called the antebrachium) Consists of two long bones Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Ulna The olecranon The coronoid process Superior end of ulna Point of elbow Superior lip of trochlear notch Articulates with trochlea of humerus The coronoid process Inferior lip of trochlear notch Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Ulna Articulations with the humerus Forearm extended: olecranon enters olecranon fossa Forearm flexed: coronoid process enters coronoid fossa Other articulations Radial notch: articulates with head of radius forms proximal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head: prominent styloid process attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–5a The Radius and Ulna. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Ulna Interosseous membrane A fibrous sheet Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Radius Lateral bone of forearm Disk-shaped radial head above the neck Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps Articulations of the radius Ulnar notch: distal end articulates with wrist and radius Styloid process: stabilizes wrist joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–5b The Radius and Ulna. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Eight carpal bones Four proximal carpal bones Four distal carpal bones Allow wrist to bend and twist Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Four Proximal Carpal Bones Scaphoid Lunate Near styloid process Lunate Medial to scaphoid Triquetrum Medial to lunate bone Pisiform Anterior to triquetrum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs The Four Distal Carpal Bones Trapezium Trapezoid Lateral Trapezoid Medial to trapezium Capitate Largest Hamate Medial, distal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6 Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Metacarpal Bones The five long bones of the hand Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges of the Hands (14 total finger bones) Pollex (thumb) Two phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6a Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6b Bones of the Wrist and Hand. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones Ilium (articulates with sacrum) Ischium Pubis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The acetabulum Also called the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7a The Right Coxal Bone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7b The Right Coxal Bone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ilium Greater sciatic notch Iliac crest For sciatic nerve Iliac crest Upper brim Iliac fossa Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Ischium Ischial spine Above lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Posterior projection you sit on Ischial ramus Meets inferior ramus of pubis Superior ramus Meets pubic tubercle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Marks of the Pubis Pubic symphysis Obturator foramen Gap between pubic tubercles Padded with fibrous cartilage Obturator foramen Formed by ischial and pubic rami Attaches hip muscles Pectineal line Ridge of superior ramus of pubis Continues to iliac crest as arcuate line (both of the ilium) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–7 The Right Coxal Bone. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Pelvis Articulations of the pelvic girdle Sacroiliac joint Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium With the sacrum Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae 3D Rotation of Pelvis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–8a The Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–8b The Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis True pelvis False pelvis: Encloses pelvic cavity Pelvic brim: upper edge of true pelvis encloses pelvic inlet Perineum region: inferior edges of true pelvis forms pelvic outlet perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity False pelvis: Blades of ilium above arcuate line Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–9a Divisions of the Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–9b Divisions of the Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–9c Divisions of the Pelvis. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis Smoother and lighter Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments Pelvis modifications for Childbearing enlarged pelvic outlet broad pubic angle (>100°) less curvature of sacrum and coccyx wide, circular pelvic inlet broad, low pelvis ilia project laterally, not upwards Male and Female Pelvis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–10 Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–10a Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–10b Anatomical Differences in the Pelvis of a Male and a Female. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Functions of the lower limbs Weight bearing Motion Note: leg = lower leg; thigh = upper leg Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh) Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head: articulates with pelvis at acetabulum attaches at fovea capitis The neck: Narrow area between head and trochanters Joins shaft at angle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Femur The proximal epiphysis Trochanters: greater trochanter and lesser trochanter: tendon attachments intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior): mark edge of articular capsule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Femur The shaft The distal epiphysis Linea aspera: most prominent ridge of shaft attaches hip muscles joins epicondyles The distal epiphysis Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle: above the knee joint Medial condyle and lateral condyle: separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface form part of knee joint Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–11 The Femur. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–11a The Femur. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–11b The Femur. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Patella Also called the kneecap A sesamoid bone Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris Base attaches quadriceps femoris Apex attaches patellar ligament Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–12 The Right Patella. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–12 The Right Patella. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Tibia Also called the shinbone Supports body weight Larger than fibula Medial to fibula Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Tibia The proximal epiphysis Medial and lateral tibial condyles: separated by intercondylar eminence articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur Tibial tuberosity: attaches patellar ligament Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Tibia The shaft The distal epiphysis Anterior margin: sharp ridge of shinbone The distal epiphysis Medial malleolus: medial projection at the ankle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia Lateral to tibia Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Fibula Articulations with tibia Fibula/tibia articulations: head inferior tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane: binds fibula to tibia Lateral malleolus: lateral projection of ankle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–13 The Tibia and Fibula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–13a The Tibia and Fibula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–13b The Tibia and Fibula. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Ankle Also called the tarsus Consists of seven tarsal bones Bones of the ankle Talus: carries weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone): transfers weight from talus to ground attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Cuboid: articulates with calcaneus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs The Ankle Bones of the ankle Navicular: articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Metatarsal Bones of the Foot Five long bones of foot Numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Phalanges of the foot Phalanges 14 bones of the toes Hallux Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) Other four toes Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–14a Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Arches of the Feet Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another The longitudinal arch Calcaneal portion: lateral Talar portion: medial The transverse arch Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Lower Limbs Figure 8–14b Bones of the Ankle and Foot. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Studying the Skeleton Reveals characteristics Muscle strength and mass (bone ridges, bone mass) Medical history (condition of teeth, healed fractures) Sex and age (bone measurements and fusion) Body size Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Individual Skeleton Variation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings