Part IV Education in China

No proper education, human nature will deteriorate. The Three-Character Scripture 苟不教，性乃迁

Which aspects should be the focuses of education?

 I cannot teach anybody anything, but I can only make them think. Socrates ['s ɔ krəti:z]  The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically... Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Education in Ancient China Educational Institutions Examination System Education in Modern China Contents

Time: Shang Dynasty Educational institutions: Xiang, Xu, Xue and Xiao ( 庠 序 学 校） Xiang: how to raise children Xu: archery, military training Xue: moral education Xiao: horse taming & horse riding

According to written records, schools were established for the sons of the nobility in the capital city of Zhou. Schools for the common people were provided in villages and hamlets and were attended by men and women after their work in the fields. Education in Western Zhou Dynasty

Contention of a Hundred Schools of Thought Time: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (The Spring and Autumn& the Warring States) An era of cultural prosperity

Confucian school: benevolence/humanity Taoist school ： to govern by doing nothing that goes against nature Legalist school: To rule the country in accordance with law Mohist school: universal love and no war Yin-Yang school: the unity of man &nature

The six classical arts: rites, music, archery, riding, writing & arithmetic

Confucius The first teacher of private schools The Foremost Teacher of China Teaching doctrines: By nature all men are pretty much alike, It is by custom and habit that they are set apart. (The importance of education) Great pleasure is derived from learning and constantly reviewing what has been learned (review & diligence)

In education there is no class distinction. (to treat students equally) Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous. (To inspire thinking independently) If three men are walking together, there is one who can be my teacher. (the modest learning attitude)

The Five Classics The Classic of Poetry 《诗经》 The Classic of History 《尚书》 The Classic of Rites 《礼记》 The Classic of Changes 《易经》 The Classic of Music 《乐经》 The Spring and Autumn Annals 《春秋》

Burning books and burying scholars alive Small Seal Script

The Imperial College Confucianism the orthodoxy Confucian classics

Recommendation through Observation 察举制 intelligent ones were recommended through observation parentage & social status nepotism and corruption

The Nine-Rank System The Jin, Northern & Southern Dynasties To select talented candidates and categorize them nine grades in local districts. ability, noble birth, parentage

The Imperial Examination System The Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty Three levels The provincial exam The metropolitan exam The palace exam “eight-part essays or eight-legged essays”

The provincial exam The national / metropolitan exam The palace exam

Zhu XI (Southern Song) The Four Books The Great Learning The Doctrine of the Mean The Analects The Mencius The Confucianism became the mainstream thought of Song, Yuan, Ming dynasties

private school /Sishu Academy / Shuyuan (academy of classical learning) The Imperial Academy (guozijian) (Ming & Qing Dynasties) Names of Ancient Schools

It was formally set up in the Northern Song Dynasty (976A.D.) A school of traditional Confucian learning In 1903 a higher learning institution In 1926 Hunan University “The one-thousand-year-old Academy” “The Kingdom of Chu, the unique home of talents; the Academy of Yuelu, the very cradle of all” Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi Wei Yuan Zeng Guofan Zuo Zongtang Mao Zedong

AgeEducation 3-5Pre-school education 6-11primary school 12-14Junior middle school/ Junior secondary school 15-17Senior middle/secondary school high school/vocational school 18-22college/ university 23-25The graduate school Higher Education Vocational Education

The Vocational Education vocational schools & vocational training Junior secondary: junior vocational schools （初级职业中学 ） Senior secondary: specialized secondary schools ( 中等专业学校 ) skilled workers schools （技工学校 ） vocational high schools （职业高中） Tertiary: higher vocational technology colleges

Project 211 –Time: Launched in 1993; –Goal: to set up 100 top level HEIs for the 21 century; Project 985 Time: Launched in May 1998; Goal: to develop a number of world-class prestigious universities Higher Education

The Administration of Higher Education  directly controlled by the Ministry of Education  controlled by provincial governments  non-government-run university and college (1000) 西安交通大学 西北农林科技大学 陕西师范大学 西安电子科技大学 长安大学

 Bachelor ’s degree  Master’s degree  Doctor’s degree Three-tiered degree system

A great fighter against pseudoscience and academic fraud

Conclusion Competence rather than diploma/degree; To reform the University Entrance Exam; Develop an independent, critical and creative thinking; Motivate the kids’ interests and guide them to study; To promote moral standard