Stephen crane & The Civil War An introduction to Stephen Crane’s Red Badge of Courage By April Vela An introduction to Stephen Crane’s Red Badge of Courage By April Vela “Just Before the Battle, Mother.”

Stephen crane “Stephen Crane was one of America's foremost realistic writers, and his works have been credited with marking the beginning of modern American Naturalism. His Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage (1895) is a classic of American literature that realistically depicts the psychological complexities of fear and courage on the battlefield.” “Weeping Sad and Lonely”

Naturalism High-Jake Game (1861) by Thomas LeClear Many African-American men fought in the Civil War. Some were forced to fight to preserve Slavery. Others were promised freedom if they fought. Northern African-American soldiers who were captured were automatically executed. “Roll, Alabama, Roll” “The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.” “Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels; they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment.” “The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.” “Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels; they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment.”

The Civil War An American war between the Northern and Southern states between the years There were three main causes: 1.Unfair Taxation 2.States’ Rights 3.Slavery An American war between the Northern and Southern states between the years There were three main causes: 1.Unfair Taxation 2.States’ Rights 3.Slavery “Battle Hymn of the Republic”

1. Unfair taxation “The history and economy of the North were very different from those of the South. Factories developed in the North, while large cotton plantations developed in the South. The Southern plantation owners relied on slave labor for economic success. Their crops were sold to cotton mills in England, and the ships returned with cheap manufactured goods produced in Europe. By the early 1800s, Northern factories were producing many of those same goods, and Northern politicians were able to pass heavy taxes on imported goods from Europe so that Southerners would have to buy goods from the North. These taxes angered Southerners.”

2. States’ Rights Jefferson Davis – President of the ConfederacyJefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy “Oh, I’m a Good Old Rebel” “Southerners felt that the Federal government was passing laws, such as import taxes, that treated them unfairly. They believed that individual states had the right to "nullify", or overturn, any law the Federal government passed. They also believed that individual states had the right to leave the United States and form their own independent country. Most people in the North believed that the concepts of "nullification" and "states' rights" would make the United States a weaker country and were against these ideas.”

3. Slavery “Meanwhile, in the North, many religious groups worked hard to end slavery in the United States. They were morally opposed to the idea that one person could ‘own’ another. Abolitionists in the North wrote books, published newspapers spreading their ideas about slavery, and often assisted slaves to freedom when they ran away from their masters. Southerners believed that abolitionists were attacking their way of life and that the Federal government was not doing enough to protect their ‘property’ from running away. Southerners were also concerned that new states were entering the Union that did not permit citizens to own slaves, because the more ‘free’ states that entered the Union, the weaker Southerners' influence in the Federal government would become.” “No More Auction Block”

Union vs. Confederacy

Union soldiers Private Samuel Wilson

Officers of the 93 rd New York Infantry

Unidentified Union Soldiers

Confederate Soldiers Company D, 3 rd Georgia Infantry

Black Confederate

Confederate soldiers were also known as the Rebels.

The realties of war

Civil War surgeons became skilled at amputating limbs to prevent infections.

Results of the Civil War 1.The Union wins 2.Slavery ends 3.Lincoln is killed by John Wilkes Booth 4.Reconstruction begins 5.Ku Klux Klan forms 6.360,000 Union deaths vs. 260 Confederate deaths 7.Six billion dollars spent by the Union 8.Two billion dollars spent by the Confederacy 9.Civil War – First Modern War 10.Railway and Telegraph first used in war “Booth Killed Lincoln”

Now, you are ready to… 1.Read Stephen Crane’s Red Badge of Courage 2.Read “The Drummer Boy of Shiloh” 3.Read Primary documents related to the Civil War