Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

In this chapter you will Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body. Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities. Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.

In this chapter you will Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body. Identify meanings for new word elements and use them to understand new medical terms.

Structural Organization of the Body Major Parts of a Cell (p. 32) The Cell Fundamental unit of all living things Found everywhere in the human body 1. Cell Membrane surrounds and protects the cell regulates what passes into and out of the cell 2. Nucleus the control center of the cell determines the structure and function of the cell 3. Chromosomes rod-like structures within the nucleus this is where genes are located Genes are composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA regulates the activities of the cell 4. Cytoplasm all the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane The cytoplasm contains: 4a. Mitochondria small sausage shaped bodies that produce energy for the cell power house of the cell 4b. Endoplasmic reticulum a network of canals within the cell where proteins are manufactured for use in the cell

Types of Cells (p. 36) Muscle cell Nerve cell Epithelial cell Fat cell Cells are specialized throughout the body to carry out their individual functions. For example: A. Muscle cell Long and slender contain fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing B. Nerve cell Long with various fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses C. Epithelial cell skin cell Flat and square provides protection D. Fat cell contains large empty spaces for fat storage These are just a few of the many different types of cells in the body Epithelial cell Fat cell

Tissues A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job Epithelial tissue – all tissues that cover the outside of the body and line the inner surfaces of internal organs. Muscle Tissue Connective tissue – fat, cartilage, bone, blood. Nerve tissue Epithelial tissue Located all over the body Forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin Muscle Tissue Voluntary muscle found in the arms and legs and other parts of the body that are under conscious control Involuntary muscle is found in the digestive system and other organs that are not under conscious control Connective tissue Examples: fat, cartilage, bone, blood Nerve tissue Conducts impulses all over the body

Organs Structures composed of several kinds of tissue Heart Stomach Viscera: internal organs

Systems Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions Cardiovascular System Digestive System

1. Cranial Cavity – page 39 Brain Pituitary gland Cranial Cavity

2. Thoracic Cavity – page 39 Pleural Cavity Lungs Mediastinum Heart Esophagus Trachea Bronchial tubes Thymus gland Aorta Thoracic Cavity

Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

3. Abdominal Cavity – page 39 Stomach Small and large intestines Spleen Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Abdominal Cavity

4. Pelvic Cavity – page 39 Portions of the small and large intestines Rectum Organs of the urinary system Organs of the reproductive system Pelvic Cavity

5. Spinal Cavity – page 39 Nerves of the spinal cord Spinal Cavity

Dorsal (posterior) Cavities Cavities in the back of the body Cranial Spinal

Ventral (anterior) Cavities Cavities in the front of the body Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic

Abdominopelvic Regions (p. 44) R&L Hypochondriac Epigastric R&L Lumbar Umbilical R&L Inguinal Hyopgastric Doctors divide the abdominopelvic area into nine regions Hypochondriac regions Two upper right and left regions below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen Epigastric Region Region above the stomach Lumbar Region Two middle right and left regions near the waist Umbilical Region Region of the umbilicus or navel Inguinal Region Two lower right and left regions near the groin Hyopgastric Region Lower middle region below the umbilical region

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45) Right Upper Gallbaldder Liver Right lobe Parts of Pancreas Small Intestines Large Intestines

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45) Left Upper Stomach Liver Left lobe Parts of Pancreas Small Intestines Large Intestines

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45) Right Lower R ovary R fallopian tube Appendix R ureter Parts of Small Intestine Large Intestine

Abdominopelvic Quadrants (p. 45) Left Lower L ovary L fallopian tube L ureter Parts of Small Intestine Large Intestine

Divisions of the back and spinal column (p. 46) Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) 1. Cervical Neck region there are 7 cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7) 2. Thoracic Chest region there are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12) Each vertebrae is joined to a rib 3. Lumbar Lower back There are 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5) 4. Sacral 5 bones (S1 – S5) that are fused to form one bone (sacrum) 5. Coccygeal Tailbone small bone composed of 4 fused pieces Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (4)

Positional and Directional Terms (p. 48) Deep: Away from the surface Example: The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen Superficial: On the surface Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure Example: The proximal end of the upper arm bone joins with the shoulder bone Distal: Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure Example: At its distal end, the humerus joins with the lower arm bones at the elbow Inferior: Below another structure Example: The feet are at the inferior part of the body, they are inferior to the knees Caudal: pertaining to the tail mans inferior Superior: Above another structure Example: the head is superior to the neck of the body Cephalic: pertaining to the head means superior Medial: pertaining to the middle Example: The fifth finger is medial to the other fingers Lateral to the side: Example: The thumb is lateral to the other fingers Anterior: Front side of the body Example: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body Posterior: The back side of the body Example: The back of the head is posterior to the face

Planes of the Body (p. 48-49)

Planes of the Body (p. 48-49) 1. Frontal (coronal) Plane Vertical plane Divides the body into anterior posterior Frontal (Coronal) Plane

2. Sagittal (lateral) Plane Vertical plane Divides the body or structure into right side left side Sagittal (Lateral) Plane

3. Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane Horizontal plane Divides the body or structure into upper half lower half Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane

Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Pages 50-53

abdominal abdomin/o: abdomen -al Pertaining to the abdomen

adipose adip/o: fat -ose: pertaining to Pertaining to fat

anterior anter/o: front -ior: pertaining to Pertaining to the front

anabolism ana-: up bol/o: to cast (throw) -ism: process Process of casting up The building-up or synthesizing process in a cell.

cervical cervic/o: neck -al Pertaining to the neck

chondroma chondr/o: cartilage -oma Tumor of cartilage Benign

chondrosarcoma chondr/o Sarc/o: flesh -oma Flesh tumor of cartilage Malignant

chromosomes chrom/o: color -some: body Color bodies They absorb the color of dyes used to stain the cell Contain genetic material Located in the nucleus

coccygeal coccyg/o: coccyx -al Pertaining to the Coccyx (tailbone)

craniotomy crani/o: skull -tomy Incision of the skull

cytoplasm cyt/o -plasm: formation Formation (contents) of the cell

distal dist/o: far, distant -al Pertaining to far From the beginning of a structure

dorsal dors/o: back -al Pertaining to the back

histology hist/o: tissue -logy Study of tissues

iliac ili/o: ilium -ac Pertaining to the ilium, part of the pelvic bone.

inguinal inguin/o: groin -al Pertaining to the groin

karyotype kary/o: nucleus -type: classification, picture Picture or classification of the nucleus And its chromosomes

lateral later/o: side -al Pertaining to the side

lumbosacral lumb/o: lower back sacr/o: sacrum -al Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum

medial medi/o: middle -al Pertaining to the middle

nucleic nucle/o: nucleus -ic Pertaining to the nucleus

pelvic pelv/o: hip, pelvic cavity -ic Pertaining to the hip or pelvic cavity

posterior poster/o: back -ior Pertaining to the back

proximal proxim/o: near -al Pertaining to near A structure

sacral sacr/o: sacrum -al Pertaining to the sacrum

sarcoma sarc/o -oma Tumor of flesh malignant

spinal spin/o: spine -al Pertaining to the spine

epithelial cell epi- thel/o: nipple -al Pertaining to upon a nipple Skin cell

thoracic thorac/o: chest -ic Pertaining to the chest

thoracotomy thorac/o -tomy Incision of the chest.

tracheal trache/o: trachea -al Pertaining to the trachea

umbilical umbilic/o: navel -al Pertaining to the navel

ventral ventr/o: belly side of the body -al Pertaining to the belly side of the body

vertebral vertebr/o: vertebrae -al Pertaining to vertebrae

visceral viscer/o: internal organs -al Pertaining to internal organs

anabolic ana- bol/o -ic Pertaining to casting up building up substances (proteins) in the cell

catabolism cata-: down bol/o -ism Process of casting down breaking down material in the cell to release energy Mitichondria

epigastric epi- gastr/o -ic Pertaining to above the stomach

hypochondriac regions chondr/o -iac Pertaining to below (rib) cartilages

intervertebral inter-: between vertebr/o -al Pertaining to between the vertebrae

metabolism meta-: change bol/o -ism Process of casting change Anabolism and catabolism