Setion 11 Vocab 1.Encephalo- brain 2.Gastro- stomach 3.Hepato- liver 4.Gloss/o- tongue 5.Glute- buttocks 6.Larynglo- larynx 7.My/o-muscle 8.nephr/o- kidney 9.Neuro- nerve 10.Oste/o- bone 11.Ot/o- ear 12.Opthalm/o- eye 13.Path/o- disease 14.Pneomon/o- lung 15.Rhin/o-nose 16.Thorac/o- chest/thorax

Section 12 Vocab 1.-ism, -osis, -tion: condition 2.-ist, -or, -er, ician: agent 3.-centesis: to puncture 4.-ectomy: to cut out & remove 5.-pexy: to fix or repair 6.-rraphy: to suture, sew 7.-scopy: to view 8.-cide: kill or destroy 9.-emia: of the blood 10.-gram: writing or record 11.-graph: recording instrument 12.-malacia: soft 13.-phasia: speech 14.-phobia: fear

Long winter road End of 1 st semester update

The Lymphatic System (Ch. 21) Functions *maintain fluid balance *immunity

Overview Returns leaked plasma to the blood vessels Cleanses plasma of bacteria and foreign matter Provides surveillance sites by immune system cells Nonspecific defenses: prevent pathogen entry; prevent spread of diseases caused by microorganisms; strengthen the immune system

Overview the lymphatic system is the most important physiological system of combating foreign bodies such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi it consists macroscopically of: the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, and a few other organs.

Overview functioning of the lymphatic system is most easily seen at the microscopic level where the white blood cell is the single most important element. white blood cells are produced, as are red blood cells, in the marrow of human bone.

Consists of 2 semi- independent parts: A. Network of lymphatic vessels- collect excess fluid (now called lymph) from tissues and return it to the bloodstream. B. Lymphoid tissues and organs- house phagocytotic cells and lymphocytes

II. Lymphatic Vessel Transport Lymphatic capillaries- weave between cells and blood capillaries, microscopic Lymph collecting veins/ vessels

Lymph trunks- drain fairly large area of body; include lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, jugular, intestinal

Lymph Ducts- R lymphatic duct (R upper arm & R head and thorax), Thoracic duct (rest of body)

Lymph empties into venous circulation at internal jugular vein and subclavian veins 3L of lymph enters bloodstream every 24 hrs

III. Lymphoid Cells A. Lymphocytes- warriors of the immune system 1.T cells- manage immune response, some directly attack foreign cells 2.B cells- make plasma cells that secrete antibodies

B. Macrophages- phagocytize foreign substances, help activate T cells C. Reticular cells- make stroma, the network that supports other cell types

IV. Lymphoid Organs A. Lymph nodes- hundreds but large clusters in inguinal, axillary, cervical areas 1. Functions a.filter lymph- macrophages b.help activate immune system- lymphocytes

2. Structure a. node surrounded by DWF capsule b. 2 regions: cortex, medulla

B. Spleen- left side of and cavity below diaphragm 1. Functions a. Lymphocyte proliferation b. Immune surveillance & response c. Clean blood- macrophages d. Store rbc breakdown products e. RBC production in fetus f. stores platelets

C. Thymus- throat/ chest region 1. Grows during childhood, stops growing during adolescence and atrophies gradually. 2. Functions a. Secrete hormones that allow T cells to function properly b. Only lymph organ not directly fighting antigens

D. Tonsils- ring of tissue around pharynx 1. Named by location a. palatine- most often infected b. lingual c. pharyngeal (adenoids) d. tubal 2. Function- gather and remove many pathogens entering pharynx in inhaled air or food (blind-ended crypts)

E. Peyer's Patches- isolated clusters of lymph follicles in small intestine 1. Function a.destroys bacteria b.generates "memory“ lymphocytes for long- term immunity

F. Appendix- clusters of lymph follicles; offshoot of cecum of large intestine ** Peyers + appendix + tonsils + bronchi lymph nodes = Mucosa associated lymph tissue (MALT)- protects digestive and respiratory systems