Section A: Applied Anatomy and Physiology 8. Movement analysis of sporting actions associated with each joint

Syllabus Practical analysis of typical sporting actions associated with each joint, to include identification of joint, joint type, movement occurring, working muscles, functions of the muscles, type of contraction

For more information see the word documents titled ‘Movement analysis table’

Basic analysis of movement can be done visually and should involve the following: A description of the actual movements which occur at the joints involved The plane(s) in which the movement occurs The muscles producing the movement The function of the muscles involved (agonists, antagonists, synergists & fixators) The type of contraction (isotonic -concentric or eccentric, isometric) The range of the muscle action (inner, middle, outer)

Analysis of sprinting The leg action in running is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint. Each of these joints produces two actions, one when the leg is in contact with the ground (driving phase) and one when the leg is not in contact with the ground (recovery phase).

Extension and hyperextension Driving phase Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip Extension and hyperextension Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) Knee Extension Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis) Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Recovery phase Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip Flexion Iliopsoas Knee Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) Ankle Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior

Analysis of throwing Throwing comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the throwing phase. Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the two joints primarily involved are the elbow and shoulder. The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula.

Preparatory phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle Shoulder Humerus and scapula Horizontal hyperextension Posterior deltoids and latissimus dorsi Elbow Humerus and ulna Extension Triceps brachii

Throwing phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle Shoulder Humerus and scapula Horizontal flexion Anterior deltoids and Pectoralis major Elbow Humerus and ulna Flexion Biceps brachii

Analysis of racket strokes There are two phases to striking a ball with a racket, the preparatory phase and the striking phase. Most actions are rotational in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis and the three joints concerned are the wrist, elbow and the shoulder The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the humerus and ulna. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint formed between the humerus and the scapula The wrist forms a condyloid joint between the ulna and carpal bones

Preparatory phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle Wrist Ulna and carpal Radius and ulna Supination Supinator Elbow Humerus and ulna Extension Triceps brachii Shoulder Humerus and scapula Horizontal hyperextension Posterior deltoid and latissimus dorsi

Striking phase Joints involved Articulating bones Action Agonist Muscle Wrist Ulna and carpal  Radius and ulna Pronation Pronator teres Elbow Humerus and ulna Flexion Biceps brachii Shoulder Humerus and scapula Horizontal flexion Pectoralis major and Anterior deltoid Trunk   Rotation External obliques

Analysis of jumping The action in jumping is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a transverse axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint.

Extension and hyperextension Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip> Extension and hyperextension Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) and Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) Knee Extension Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis) Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Analysis of kicking The action in kicking is one that takes place in a sagittal plane about a frontal axis and involves the hip, knee and ankle joints. The bones of the hip involved are the femur and pelvic girdle which form a ball and socket joint. The bones of the knee involved are the femur and tibia which form a hinge joint. The bones of the ankle involved are the tibia and calcaneus which form a modified joint. Kicking comprises of two phases, the preparatory phase and the kicking phase.

Extension and hyperextension Preparatory phase Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip Extension and hyperextension Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus) Knee Flexion Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius

Kicking phase Joints involved Action Agonist Muscle Hip Flexion Iliopsoas Knee Extension Quadriceps group of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedialis) Ankle Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius