The Periodic Table

The Father of the Periodic Table— Dimitri Mendeleev Mendeleev was the first scientist to notice the relationship between the elements Mendeleev was the first scientist to notice the relationship between the elements Arranged his periodic table by atomic mass Arranged his periodic table by atomic mass Said properties of unknown elements could be predicted by the properties of elements around the missing element Said properties of unknown elements could be predicted by the properties of elements around the missing element Moseley later discovered that the periodic nature of the elements was associated with atomic number, not atomic mass Moseley later discovered that the periodic nature of the elements was associated with atomic number, not atomic mass

Valence Electrons Outermost (last shell) electrons in an atom Outermost (last shell) electrons in an atom Electrons available for interactions with valence electrons of other atoms in chemical reactions Electrons available for interactions with valence electrons of other atoms in chemical reactions

Metalloid Six elements: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony and Tellurium Six elements: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony and Tellurium Elements found along the stair-step line that separates metals from non-metals. Elements found along the stair-step line that separates metals from non-metals. Chemical elements with properties that are in-between or a mixture of those of metals and nonmetals Chemical elements with properties that are in-between or a mixture of those of metals and nonmetals Have a metallic appearance but they are brittle and only fair conductors of electricity Have a metallic appearance but they are brittle and only fair conductors of electricity

The Periodic Table Column = Group or Family 18 columns on the Periodic Table Row = Period 7 rows on the Periodic Table

Metals, Nonmetals, and Semi-metals Metals are to the left of the stair- step Hydrogen Only nonmetal on the metal side Nonmetals are on the right of the stair-step Semi-metals, “metalloids,” touch the stair-step

Luster describes the way a surface reflects light…therefore metallic luster would be shiny like a metal object. Malleable means to be able to press or pound the substance into sheets or different shapes. What is luster, malleable and ductile? Ductile means that the substance can be drawn out into thin wires.

The Groups of the Periodic Table Group 1: The Alkali Metals Group 1: The Alkali Metals Most reactive metals on the PT Most reactive metals on the PT Reactive in water and air thus stored in oil Reactive in water and air thus stored in oil Rarely found free in nature Rarely found free in nature Charge of +1: 1 valence electron (1 electron in the outer shell) Charge of +1: 1 valence electron (1 electron in the outer shell)

The Groups of the Periodic Table Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals Still quite reactive Still quite reactive React with water to form bases and hydrogen gas React with water to form bases and hydrogen gas Have a silvery luster Have a silvery luster Good conductors of heat and electricity Good conductors of heat and electricity Charge of +2: 2 valence electrons (2 electrons in outer shell) Charge of +2: 2 valence electrons (2 electrons in outer shell)

T he Groups of the Periodic Table Groups 3-12: Transition Metals Groups 3-12: Transition Metals Found freely and in compounds in nature Found freely and in compounds in nature Great conductors of electricity Great conductors of electricity Mixed with paints to achieve bright colors Mixed with paints to achieve bright colors include radioactive elements 89 through 109 include radioactive elements 89 through 109 include Mercury, the only metal that is liquid at room temperature include Mercury, the only metal that is liquid at room temperature Have a silvery luster, except Copper and Gold Have a silvery luster, except Copper and Gold Charge is usually 2 but can vary—usually 2 valence electrons (2 in outer shell) Charge is usually 2 but can vary—usually 2 valence electrons (2 in outer shell)

T he Groups of the Periodic Table Group 13: Boron Family Group 13: Boron Family Metallic (except Boron, which is a solid metalloid) Metallic (except Boron, which is a solid metalloid) Scarce in nature (except Aluminum, which is the most abundant metallic element Scarce in nature (except Aluminum, which is the most abundant metallic element Charge is +3: 3 valence electrons Charge is +3: 3 valence electrons

The Groups of the Periodic Table Group 14: The Carbon Family Group 14: The Carbon Family Contains elements that can form unusual bonds (Carbon and Silicon) Contains elements that can form unusual bonds (Carbon and Silicon) Includes a nonmetal (Carbon), two metalloids (Silicon and Germanium) and two metals (Tin and Lead) Includes a nonmetal (Carbon), two metalloids (Silicon and Germanium) and two metals (Tin and Lead) Relatively unreactive Relatively unreactive Charge is +4 or -4: contains 4 valence electrons Charge is +4 or -4: contains 4 valence electrons

T he Groups of the Periodic Table Group 15: The Nitrogen Family Group 15: The Nitrogen Family Consists of two nonmetals (Nitrogen and Phosphorus), two metalloids (Arsenic and Antimony), and one metal (Bismuth) Consists of two nonmetals (Nitrogen and Phosphorus), two metalloids (Arsenic and Antimony), and one metal (Bismuth) Nitrogen is most commonly found as atmospheric gas Nitrogen is most commonly found as atmospheric gas Range from very abundant elements (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) to relatively rare elements (Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) Range from very abundant elements (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) to relatively rare elements (Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) Solids at room temperature, except Nitrogen Solids at room temperature, except Nitrogen Charge is -3: contains 5 valence electrons Charge is -3: contains 5 valence electrons

The Groups of the Periodic Table Group 16: The Oxygen Family Group 16: The Oxygen Family Consists of three nonmetals (Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium), one metalloid (Tellurium), and one metal (Polonium) Consists of three nonmetals (Oxygen, Sulfur, and Selenium), one metalloid (Tellurium), and one metal (Polonium) Also known as the Chalcogens Also known as the Chalcogens Charge is -2: 6 valence electrons Charge is -2: 6 valence electrons

T he Groups of the Periodic Table Group 17: The Halogens Group 17: The Halogens Most reactive nonmetals, with Fluorine being the most reactive of all nonmetals Most reactive nonmetals, with Fluorine being the most reactive of all nonmetals Found in the rocks of Earth's crust and dissolved in sea water Found in the rocks of Earth's crust and dissolved in sea water Exist as a gas at room temperature (F 2 and Cl 2 ), a liquid (Br 2 ), and a solid (I 2 and At) Exist as a gas at room temperature (F 2 and Cl 2 ), a liquid (Br 2 ), and a solid (I 2 and At) Charge is -1: 7 valence electrons Charge is -1: 7 valence electrons

T he Groups of the Periodic Table Group 18: The Noble Gases (The Inert Gases) Group 18: The Noble Gases (The Inert Gases) Nonreactive Nonreactive Colorless gases Colorless gases Nonmetal Nonmetal Charge is 0: 2 or 8 valence electrons- have a full outer energy level Charge is 0: 2 or 8 valence electrons- have a full outer energy level

Special Rows on the PT Lanthanides Actinides

Lanthanides Family Very reactive; burns easily in air Very reactive; burns easily in air 15 soft metals 15 soft metals Once called the Rare Earth Elements Once called the Rare Earth Elements Relatively abundant in Earth's crust Relatively abundant in Earth's crust Found in Row 6 of the periodic table between Groups 3 and 4 Found in Row 6 of the periodic table between Groups 3 and 4 Occur together in nature, and they are very difficult to separate from each other Occur together in nature, and they are very difficult to separate from each other Silvery-white metals that tarnish when exposed to air, forming their oxides Silvery-white metals that tarnish when exposed to air, forming their oxides

Actinides Family All are radioactive. All are radioactive. 15 very dense metals- tarnish in air. 15 very dense metals- tarnish in air. Actinides combine directly with most nonmetals Actinides combine directly with most nonmetals