Subordination & Content Clauses Teresa Navés (Search: Naves)

Reference Grammars Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (Eds.). (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. London: Cambridge University Press. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (Eds.). (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (2nd ed.). London and New York: Longman.

Student’s Grammars Huddleston, R. and G. K. Pullum, Eds. (2005). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. London, Cambridge University Press. Biber, D., S. Conrad, et al. (2002). Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman. Greenbaum, S., & Quirk, R. (1990). A Student's Grammar of the English Language (1st ed.). Hong Kong: Longman.

Naves (200) Comparison grid: Subordination Biber et al. (1999, 2002) Quirk et al. (1985) Carter & McCarthy (2006) 1.Nominal 2.Relative (Adj.) 3.Adverbial 4.Other: Comparative, etc. Huddelston & Pullum (2002, 2005) 1.Content 2.Relative 3.Comparative

Naves (200) Subordination Comparison Grid

Preliminary Definions of Subordination & Content Clauses Subordination from Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics Subordination from Carter & McCarthy (2006) Content clauses from Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar Content clauses from Wikipedia Content clauses from Huddleston & Pullum (2002: 950)

Subordination by Carter & McCarthy (2006) Subordination 310 A subordinate clause is dependent on a main clause or dependent on another subordinate clause, and cannot in itself form a whole sentence. Subordinate clauses are typically introduced by a class of words known as subordinators ( 311 and 312 below). Subordinators indicate the semantic relationship between the subordinate clause and the clause it is dependent on. Subordinate clauses may be finite or non-finite. 297–298 for the difference between finite and non-finite clauses

Content clause

adjunct 1. (In older usage.) Any word or words expanding the essential parts of the sentence; an optional, inessential, element in a structure. The term has been variously used for words or phrases considered to be of secondary importance, including vocatives, adjectives joined to nouns, and also some adverbs. In Jespersen's terminology it describes the functional role of a SECONDARY joined to a PRIMARY by JUNCTION.SECONDARYPRIMARYJUNCTION 1933b O. JESPERSEN A secondary can be joined to a primary in two essentially different ways, for which we use the terms Junction and Nexus. As separate names for the secondary in these two functions we shall use the terms Adjunct and Adnex. In this usage, the term adjunct typically applies to an adjective in attributive position (e.g. a silly person). ADJUNCT

2. (In present-day use, more specifically.) An element functioning like an adverb, whether a single-word adverb, an adverb phrase, or an adverb clause; sometimes the same as ADVERBIAL. Adjuncts in this sense are of course usually marginal to sentence structure and therefore omissible. Thus in Sadly, my neighbour died two months ago, both sadly and two months ago could be omitted, leaving a still grammatical, meaningful sentence. ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT

3. (In some modern grammar.) A particular subclass of adverbial, contrasted with CONJUNCT, DISJUNCT, and (optionally) SUBJUNCT. In this categorization, only adverbials functioning as an element of clause structure (represented as A) are adjuncts. By this definition, clearly is an adjunct in the first sentence below, but not in the second: He spoke clearly and to the point Clearly, I could be wrong Adverbial adjuncts of this special type often refer to place, time, or process (including manner, means, instrument, and the agentive with the passive). In general, these adjuncts come in end position, after the verb (and object, if any). But other positions are possible, and frequency adjuncts usually come in mid position (e.g. they usually come). Adjuncts are sometimes divided on more functional grounds into PREDICATION and SENTENCE adjuncts.CONJUNCTDISJUNCTSUBJUNCT PREDICATIONSENTENCE ADJUNCT

Content clause

Content clause

Content clauses We distinguish three main classes of finite subordinate clauses: I couldn’t find the book that I wanted ( relative ) He gave me more copies that I wanted ( comparative ) You know that I wanted it ( content ) Content clauses can be regarded as the default category of this dimention: they lack the special properties of relative and comparative clauses, and their structure is less different from the main clauses. (…) The term content clauses reflects this default status: it suggests that the clause is simply selected for its syntactic content. (Huddleston & Pullum, 2005, p 950)

Huddleston, R. and G. K. Pullum, Eds.(2005). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. London, Cambridge University Press.

Huddeston &Pullum (2005) Chpt 10: Subordination & Content Clauses

Chpt 10: Subord. & Content clauses TOC: 1.Subordinate clauses 2.Clause type in content clauses 3.Declarative content clauses 4.Interrogative content clauses 5.Exclamative content clauses

1. Subordinate clauses Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

1. Subordinate clauses Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

2. Content Clauses Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

3. Declarative Content Clauses 3.1. Declarative content clauses 3.2. Declarative as complement 3.3. The mandative construction

3.1 Declarative Content Clauses Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

3.2 Declaratives as complements Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

3.3 The mandative contruction Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

4. Interrogative content clauses 4.1. Introduction: Closed Interrogatives and the subordinator whether and if and Open interrogatives 4.2. Interrogatives as Complement 4.3. Interrogatives as Adjunt

4.1. Interrogative Content Clauses Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

4.3. Interrogative as Complement Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

4.3. Interrogatives as Adjunct Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

5. Exclamative Content Clauses Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

5. Exclamatives as Complement Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

Exercises by D. Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source: Examples from Huddleston & Pullum (2005) Chpt 10

Quiz A by D. Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source:

Key to Quiz A by D. Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source:

Quiz B by D. Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source:

Key to Quiz B by D.Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source:

Quiz C by D. Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source:

Key to Quiz C by D. Goss-GrubbsGoss-Grubbs Source:

Task 1 by T. Navés Analyse the following subordinate clauses following a)Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives. b)Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006), as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others. 1. He says that Liz is in Paris. 2. I wonder whether she is ill. 3. Tell me what you want. 4. Tell her what a bargain it is.

Key to Task 1 by T. Navés Analyse the following subordinate clauses following a)Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives. b)Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others. 1. He says that Liz is in Paris. (a) Declarative content // (b) Nominal 2. I wonder whether she is ill. (a) Closed interrogative content. // (b) Conditional 3. Tell me what you want. (a) Open interrogative content // (b) Nom-Rel. 4. Tell her what a bargain it is. (a) Exclamative content // (b)Nom-Rel.

Task 2 by T. Navés Analyse the following subordinate clauses following a)Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives. b)Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others. 5. They weren’t among the people who had been invited 6. More people came than had been invited 7. I don’t think that these people had been invited

Key to Task 2 by T. Navés Analyse the following subordinate clauses following a)Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives. b)Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others. 5. They weren’t among the people who had been invited (a) Relative // (b) Relative) 6. More people came than had been invited (a) Comparative // (b) Comparative) 7. I don’t think that these people had been invited (a) Declarative content // (b) Nominal)

Task 3 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 8. That I need help is clear 9. I left before the arrived 10. I know that it’s genuine

Key to Task 3 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 8. That I need help is clear (a) Content with obligatory ‘that’ // (b) Nominal (Sbj) 9. I left before the arrived (a) Content with inadmissible ‘that’ // (b) Adverbial 10. I know that it’s genuine (a) Content with optional ‘that’ // (b) Nominal (DO)

Task 4 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives; say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 11. That they refused didn’t surprise us 12. It didn’t surprise us that they refused 13. She informed us that they had been insulted

Key to Task 4 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives; say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 11. That they refused didn’t surprise us (a) Declarative content with obligatory ‘that’ functioning as Subj // (b) Nominal (Subj) 12. It didn’t surprise us that they refused (a) Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as Extraposed Subj // (b) Nominal (IO) 13. She informed us that they had been insulted (a) Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as Internal complmt. of the V (b) Nominal (IO)

Task 5 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives; say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 14. I realise that you feel insulted 15. The problem is that we just can’t afford it 16. Your can’t ingnore the fact that he was drunk

Key to Task 5 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives; say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 14. I realise that you feel insulted (a)Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as as Internal complmt. of the V (b)Nominal (Object Complement) 15. The problem is that we just can’t afford it (a)Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as Internal complmt. of the V (b) Nominal (Subject Complement) 16. Your can’t ingnore the fact that he was drunk (a)Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as complement of noun (b)Nominal (Complement of the HNP)

Task 6 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparatives; say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 17. I’m glad that you could come 18. You can go provided that your are carefull 19. Your can’t ingnore the fact that he was drunk

Key to Task 6 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative; say whether the ‘that’ is obligatory, inadmissible or optional and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 17. I’m glad that you could come (a)Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as complement of Adjective (b)Nominal (Postmodifier of the Head Adjective Phrase) 18. You can go provided that your are carefull (a)Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as complement of Preposition (b) Nominal 19. Your can’t ingnore the fact that he was drunk (a)Declarative content with optional ‘that’ functioning as complement of noun (b)Nominal (Complement of the HNP)

Task 7 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 20. What caused the delay remains unclear 21. It remains unclear what caused the delay 22. I’ve discovered where they keep the key

Key to Task 7 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 20. What caused the delay remains unclear (a)Interrogative content functioning as Subject (b)Nominal relative (Subject) 21. It remains unclear what caused the delay (a)Interrogative content functioning as Extraposed Subject (b) Nominal relative (Extraposed Sbj) 22. I’ve discovered where they keep the key (a)Interrogative content internal complement of the verb (b)Nominal relative (DO)

Task 8 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 23. I asked them what progress they had made 24. The only issue is whether he was lying 25. The question whether it’s legal was ignored

Key to Task 8 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 23. I asked them what progress they had made (a)Interrogative content functioning as Internal complement of the verb (b)Nominal relative (IO) 24. The only issue is whether he was lying (a)Interrogative content functioning as Internal complement of the verb (b)Condtional (Adverbial) (Sbj complement) 25. The question whether it’s legal was ignored (a)Interrogativ content internal complement of noun (b)Condtional (Adverbial) (Postmodifier of the HNP)

Task 9 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 26. I’m uncertain what we can do about it 27. That depends on how much time we have

Key to Task 9 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 26. I’m uncertain what we can do about it (a)Interrogative content functioning as complement of adjective (b)Nominal relative (Complement of the HAdjP) 27. That depends on how much time we have (a)Interrogative content functioning as complement of preposition (b)Nominal Relative (Prepositional complement)

Task 10 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 28. What a bargain it was hadn’t struck me yet 29. It’s incredible how much he wanted to charge 30. I’d forgotten what a fine speaker she is

Key to Task 10 by T. Navés Analyse the following content subordinate clauses a)Following Huddleston & Pullum (2002, 2005) as declarative content, open or closed interrogative content, exclamative content, relatives or comparative and identify their function b)Classify them according to Biber et al. (1999, 2002) & Carter & McCarthy (2006) as nominal, nominal relative, relatives, adverbial clauses, comparatives or others and identify their function 28. What a bargain it was hadn’t struck me yet (a)Exclamative content functioning as Subject (b)Nominal relative (Subject) 29. It’s incredible how much he wanted to charge (a)Exclamative content functioning as Extraposed subject (b)Nominal relative (Extraposed subject) 30. I’d forgotten what a fine speaker she is (a)Exclamative content functioning as Internal complement of verb (b)Nominal relative (DO)

Online exercises by T. Navés Naves (2009) Quiz on Content Clauses based on Huddleston & Pullum available from Naves (2009) Quiz on Huddleston & Pullum's (2005) Chapter 10: Subordination and Content Clauses available from DGIII-Subordination and Content Clauses following Huddelston and Pullum (2005) by T. Navés

Online exercises from The Internet Grammar by The Survey of English Usage University College LondonThe Internet Grammar The Survey of English UsageUniversity College London Clauses and Sentences p1: Clause Hierarchy The following sentence contains three clauses, which we've labelled C1, C2, and C3. Decide whether the statements below are true or false. grammar/clauses/ex1.htmClauses and Sentences p1: Clause Hierarchy grammar/clauses/ex1.htm Clauses and Sentences p2: Finite or Nonfinite? In each of the following sentences, decide whether the bracketed clauses are finite or nonfinite. grammar/clauses/ex2.htmClauses and Sentences p2: Finite or Nonfinite? grammar/clauses/ex2.htm

Online exercises from The Internet Grammar by The Survey of English Usage University College LondonThe Internet Grammar The Survey of English UsageUniversity College London Clauses and Sentences p4: Semantic Types of Subordinate Clauses In each of the following sentences, we have bracketed a subordinate clause. Decide which semantic type it is, from the choices given. grammar/clauses/ex4.htmClauses and Sentences p4: Semantic Types of Subordinate Clauses grammar/clauses/ex4.htm Clauses and Sentences p5: Sentence Types In the following examples, determine the sentence type from the choices given. grammar/clauses/ex5.htmClauses and Sentences p5: Sentence Types grammar/clauses/ex5.htm

Main Grammar References: Biber, D., S. Conrad, et al. (2002). Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (Eds.). (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman. Carter, R., & McCarthy, M. (2006). Cambridge Grammar of English. A Comprehensive Guide. Spoken and Written English Grammar and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Main Grammar References: Greenbaum, S., & Quirk, R. (1990). A Student's Grammar of the English Language (1st ed.). Hong Kong: Longman. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (2nd ed.). London and New York: Longman. Huddleston, R., & Pullum, G. K. (Eds.). (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. London: Cambridge University Press. Huddleston, R. and G. K. Pullum, Eds. (2005). A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. London, Cambridge University Press

Main Dictionaries: Chalker, S., & Weiner, E. (1998). Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. The Oxford Reference Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Matthews, P. H. (1997). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.