Lecture 24 Adverb and Adverb Phrase

Teaching Contents 24.1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases 24.1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases 24.2 Adverbs with or without – ly 24.2 Adverbs with or without – ly

Like adjectives, adverbs are a class of words that chiefly function as modifying elements, and modify verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions or other adverbs. Like adjectives, adverbs are a class of words that chiefly function as modifying elements, and modify verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions or other adverbs. In terms of word formation, adverbs fall into two groups: simple and derivative adverbs. Simple ones consist of only one free morpheme; derivatives are derived from adjectives by adding a suffix – ly and most adverbs are derivatives. In terms of word formation, adverbs fall into two groups: simple and derivative adverbs. Simple ones consist of only one free morpheme; derivatives are derived from adjectives by adding a suffix – ly and most adverbs are derivatives.

Semantically, adverbs can be subdivided into adverbs of manner, adverbs of degree, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of place, as well as conjunctive and explanatory adverbs. Semantically, adverbs can be subdivided into adverbs of manner, adverbs of degree, adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of place, as well as conjunctive and explanatory adverbs.

派生副词：大多数派生副词有 -ly 后缀： oddly 。 派生副词：大多数派生副词有 -ly 后缀： oddly 。 其它一些派生后缀： 其它一些派生后缀： -wise: clockwise; -ways: sideways; -ward(s): northward(s); -style: cowboy-style; -fashion: schoolboy-fashion -wise: clockwise; -ways: sideways; -ward(s): northward(s); -style: cowboy-style; -fashion: schoolboy-fashion 与介词短语 towards the south/east/north/west 相 对应的副词有 south, southward(s) 。不带 -s 的形式较 为普遍，在美国的书刊英语中尤其如此。 与介词短语 towards the south/east/north/west 相 对应的副词有 south, southward(s) 。不带 -s 的形式较 为普遍，在美国的书刊英语中尤其如此。 e.g. The window faces south ( 最常见 ) / southwards / southward. e.g. The window faces south ( 最常见 ) / southwards / southward. 形容词所以能加 -ly 变成副词，是与形容词的动态性质 有关，如 cheerful – cheerfully, suspiciously, jealously. 形容词所以能加 -ly 变成副词，是与形容词的动态性质 有关，如 cheerful – cheerfully, suspiciously, jealously. 但是，典型的各类静态形容词，如大小、颜色、年龄， 不能加 -ly ，如 *bigly, *tally, *redly, *blondly, *oldly, *youngly. 但是，典型的各类静态形容词，如大小、颜色、年龄， 不能加 -ly ，如 *bigly, *tally, *redly, *blondly, *oldly, *youngly.

24.1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases 24.1 Chief uses of adverbs and adverb phrases 1) Adverbs as modifier in phrases 1) Adverbs as modifier in phrases As a phrase element, adverbs are chiefly used As a phrase element, adverbs are chiefly used a) as modifier of verbs. a) as modifier of verbs. e.g. They completely ignored my views. e.g. They completely ignored my views. b) as modifier of adjectives, b) as modifier of adjectives, e.g. I ’ m feeling kind of tired. e.g. I ’ m feeling kind of tired. c) as modifier of adverbs, c) as modifier of adverbs, e.g. Do it right now. e.g. Do it right now.

d) as modifier of prepositions or conjunctions, e.g. His parents are dead against the trip. d) as modifier of prepositions or conjunctions, e.g. His parents are dead against the trip. e) as modifier of determiners, e.g. They recovered roughly half their equipment. e) as modifier of determiners, e.g. They recovered roughly half their equipment. f) as modifier of nouns or whole noun phrases, e.g. She ’ s rather a fool. f) as modifier of nouns or whole noun phrases, e.g. She ’ s rather a fool. g) Only few adverbs can be used as postmodifiers of nouns, e.g. your friend here, his trip ahead. g) Only few adverbs can be used as postmodifiers of nouns, e.g. your friend here, his trip ahead. Some can be premodifiers, e.g. his home journey. Some can be premodifiers, e.g. his home journey.

副词作修饰语 副词作修饰语 1) 作形容词修饰语：增强语义的强化语，可以与 可分等级形容词连用。两组强化语：增强语和减 弱语。 1) 作形容词修饰语：增强语义的强化语，可以与 可分等级形容词连用。两组强化语：增强语和减 弱语。 A. 增强语 (amplifier) 是从假定标准出发，在程度 上逐步增强。 e.g. a funny film  a very funny film; awfully sorry; amazingly calm. B. 减弱语 (downtoner) 一般起减弱语义的作用； 从假定标准出发，在程度上逐步减弱。 e.g. It was dark.  almost dark; fairly small; rather late; relatively small; somewhat uneasy.

C. 强调语 (emphasizer) 增强形容词的语势，而 不是提高形容词的程度。 e.g. The play is very good indeed. She has a really beautiful face. She has a really beautiful face.强调语和强化语不同，和不可分等级的形容词连用，但是他们产生的效果与强化语的效果类似。 e.g. You ’ re certainly welcome. The play was indeed excellent / The play was indeed excellent / excellent indeed. excellent indeed.

2) 作副词修饰语：副词的后置修饰语只有 enough 和 indeed 。 2) 作副词修饰语：副词的后置修饰语只有 enough 和 indeed 。 e.g. He spoke clearly enough. (sufficiently clearly) e.g. He spoke clearly enough. (sufficiently clearly) indeed 常和 very 连用： indeed 常和 very 连用： e.g. She spoke very clearly indeed. e.g. She spoke very clearly indeed. ?She spoke clearly indeed. ?She spoke clearly indeed.

2) Adverb phrases as adverbial in clauses or sentences 2) Adverb phrases as adverbial in clauses or sentences As a clause element, adverb phrases are chiefly used a adjunct, disjuncts, and conjuncts. As a clause element, adverb phrases are chiefly used a adjunct, disjuncts, and conjuncts. When used as an adjunct, the adverb phrase describes the time, place or manner concerned with the action, process or state denoted by the verb. In this use, the adverb phrase is relatively mobile, being able to take the initial, medial or end position. When used as an adjunct, the adverb phrase describes the time, place or manner concerned with the action, process or state denoted by the verb. In this use, the adverb phrase is relatively mobile, being able to take the initial, medial or end position.

Generally speaking, time adjuncts may occur at all the three positions. e.g. Recently they had an accident. They recently had an accident. They recently had an accident. They had an accident recently. They had an accident recently. By contrast, manner adjuncts appear more often at the end position. e.g. They live frugally.

Sometimes for rhetorical reasons, a manner adjunct may occur at the head of the sentence. e.g. Quietly she walked on and on. Place adjuncts normally appear at the end of the sentence. e.g. I couldn ’ t find it through I had looked everywhere. e.g. I couldn ’ t find it through I had looked everywhere.

24.2 Adverbs with or without – ly 24.2 Adverbs with or without – ly 1) Two forms with no difference in basic meaning 1) Two forms with no difference in basic meaning There are adverbs with two forms which are identical in meaning but are used in different contexts. There are adverbs with two forms which are identical in meaning but are used in different contexts. e.g. Drive slowly onto the ferry. e.g. Drive slowly onto the ferry. The workers decided to go slow. The workers decided to go slow. He guessed right. He guessed right. It serves you right. It serves you right. Don ’ t talk so loud/loudly. Don ’ t talk so loud/loudly.

2) Two forms different or slightly different in meaning 2) Two forms different or slightly different in meaning These adverbs also include some of the items cited in the preceding sections. These adverbs also include some of the items cited in the preceding sections. e.g. He walked slowly but surely. e.g. He walked slowly but surely. He stopped dead. He stopped dead. He was dead tired. He was dead tired.

3) Two forms entirely different in meaning 3) Two forms entirely different in meaning The following pairs are entirely different in meaning: The following pairs are entirely different in meaning: e.g. He is working hard. e.g. He is working hard. He could hardly see anything. He could hardly see anything. He was justly punished. He was justly punished. I wonder just how good he is at spoken English. I wonder just how good he is at spoken English.

still / yet / already 都是时间副词， yet 和 still 表示 “ 仍旧、还 ” ，但是位置不同。 Yet 位于句末， 谈 “ 预计要发生的事情 ” ，常常用于否定句和疑问 句。 still / yet / already 都是时间副词， yet 和 still 表示 “ 仍旧、还 ” ，但是位置不同。 Yet 位于句末， 谈 “ 预计要发生的事情 ” ，常常用于否定句和疑问 句。 Still 一般放在行为动词前， be 动词后，用来说明 过去开始的情况或动作仍在继续，特别是用来说 明我们希望它早些停止，可用于肯定句、疑问句 或否定句。 Still 一般放在行为动词前， be 动词后，用来说明 过去开始的情况或动作仍在继续，特别是用来说 明我们希望它早些停止，可用于肯定句、疑问句 或否定句。 Already 表示某事发生的时间比预计的或应该发 生的时间要早，用于肯定句和疑问句 ( 用于疑问 句时表示惊奇 ) ，但不能用于否定句，否定句要 用 not yet 。 Already 表示某事发生的时间比预计的或应该发 生的时间要早，用于肯定句和疑问句 ( 用于疑问 句时表示惊奇 ) ，但不能用于否定句，否定句要 用 not yet 。