Ocean Systems 3.1 The oceans are a connected system. 3.2 CHAPTER Ocean Systems the BIG idea The oceans are a connected system of water in motion. 3.1 The oceans are a connected system. 3.2 Ocean water moves in currents. 3.3 Waves move through oceans. 3.4 Waters rise and fall in tides. CHAPTER OUTLINE

3.1 The oceans are a connected system. • Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases. salinity density continental shelf sonar SECTION OUTLINE

3.1 The oceans are a connected system. • Much of Earth is covered by ocean water, which contains dissolved salts and gases. salinity • Ocean temperatures decrease with depth. density • The ocean floor has canyons, mountains, and many other features. continental shelf sonar SECTION OUTLINE

3.1 salinity The oceans are a connected system. density The measure of the amount of dissolved salt contained in water. continental shelf sonar KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.1 density The oceans are a connected system. salinity density density A property of matter representing the mass per unit volume. continental shelf sonar KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.1 continental shelf The oceans are a connected system. salinity continental shelf density The flat or gently sloping land that lies submerged around the edges of a continent and that extends from the shoreline out to the continental slope. continental shelf sonar KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.1 sonar The oceans are a connected system. salinity sonar density Instruments that use echolocation to locate objects underwater; acronym for “sound navigation and ranging.” continental shelf sonar KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Ocean water moves in currents. 3.2 Ocean water moves in currents. • Surface currents are set in motion by winds and carry heat around the globe. ocean current upwelling downwelling El Niño • Deep currents are caused by differences in water density. Dense water sinks at the poles and very slowly flows toward the equator. SECTION OUTLINE

3.2 ocean current Ocean water moves in currents. upwelling A mass of moving ocean water. downwelling El Niño KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.2 upwelling Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current upwelling upwelling The vertical movement of deep water up to the surface. downwelling El Niño KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.2 downwelling Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current downwelling upwelling The movement of water from the surface to greater depths. downwelling El Niño KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.2 El Niño Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current El Niño upwelling A disturbance of wind patterns and ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean that causes temporary climate changes in many parts of the world. downwelling El Niño KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Waves move through oceans. 3.3 Waves move through oceans. • Ocean waves transport energy, not water. When a wave passes, water particles end up in the same places they began. longshore current rip current • Longshore currents occur when waves hit shores at angles. • Rip currents are narrow streams of water that breakthrough sandbars. SECTION OUTLINE

3.3 longshore current Waves move through oceans. rip current The overall direction and movement of water as waves strike the shore at an angle. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.3 rip current Waves move through oceans. longshore current rip current rip current A narrow stream of water that breaks through sandbars and drains rapidly back into deeper water. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Waters rise and fall in tides. 3.4 Waters rise and fall in tides. The Moon’s gravity pulls Earth’s waters into bulges and dips. tide As Earth rotates, its movement through these bulges and dips causes tides. tidal range spring tide neap tide indirect high tide Earth Moon direct high tide SECTION OUTLINE

3.4 tide Waters rise and fall in tides. tidal range The periodic rising and falling of the water level of the ocean due to the gravitational pulls of the Moon and the Sun. spring tide neap tide KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.4 tidal range Waters rise and fall in tides. The difference in height between high tide and low tide. spring tide neap tide KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.4 spring tide Waters rise and fall in tides. tidal range A tide of large range occurring during the new and full moons, resulting in an extra-high tidal bulge and an extra-low tidal dip. spring tide neap tide KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.4 neap tide Waters rise and fall in tides. tidal range A tide of small range occurring during the first- and third-quarter phases of the Moon. spring tide neap tide KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

3.1 The oceans are a connected system. I. The oceans are a connected system. salinity A. Ocean water covers much of Earth. density B. Ocean water contains salts and gases. continental shelf 1. Salts sonar 2. Oxygen and Other Gases C. Ocean temperatures vary. D. The ocean floor has many features. 1. Ocean Exploration 2. Mapping the Ocean Floor KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Ocean water moves in currents. 3.2 Ocean water moves in currents. II. Ocean water moves in currents. ocean current A. The oceans have major currents. upwelling 1. Surface Currents downwelling 2. Deep Currents El Niño B. Currents interact with climate and weather. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Waves move through oceans. 3.3 Waves move through oceans. III. Waves move through oceans. longshore current A. Waves form in the open ocean. rip current 1. Wave Action at the Water’s Surface 2. Wave Action near Shore B. Waves cause currents near shore. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Waters rise and fall in tides. 3.4 Waters rise and fall in tides. IV. Waters rise and fall in tides. tide A. Coastal waters rise and fall each day. tidal range B. The gravity of the Moon and the Sun causes tides. spring tide 1. Daily Tides neap tide 2. Monthly Tides C. Tides can be used to generate electricity. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY