Vegetarian and Special Dietary Products Chapter 19

Objectives Define the term vegetarian, and identify other forms of vegetarianism List the six food groups of the vegetarian diet Outline the various cereals and grains and the role of whole grains in diets Identify the different categories of pasta

Objectives (cont’d.) Distinguish the different forms of oats and barley and how they are used List the different types of rice Identify the different pulses Explain the process for making seitan Explain the uses of tempeh and tofu

Objectives (cont’d.) Identify the more popular varieties of edible nuts Identify dried fruits and drying methods List examples of fresh and dried mushrooms Identify the more popular varieties of olives produced globally

Vegetarian Foods Vegetarians must be mindful of their protein intake –Proteins are made of 20 amino acids, 10 of which are said to be essential –Plant proteins (incomplete proteins) are deficient in certain essential amino acids –Combining different plant proteins provide the complete protein required by humans

Vegetarian Foods (cont’d.) Types of vegetarian foods –Cereals and grains –Pulses –Nuts and seeds –Fruit and vegetables –Dairy products or soya products –Vegetable oils and fats

Cereal and Grains Cereals have been an essential part of the human diet since the beginning of agriculture In developing countries, cereals are the major source of food energy –Up to 90 percent of protein intake Seed is enclosed in outer shell, or hull

Cereal and Grains (cont’d.) Three main parts –Outer layer (the bran) High in vitamins and minerals; aids digestion –Endosperm (kernel) Largest part of the grain; composed of a starch –Germ Contains the seed of a new plant

Cereal and Grains (cont’d.) Store cereals away from heat and moisture 19.2 From left to right: wheat berry, cracked wheat, and flour © Randy Van Dam 2008

© Randy Van Dam Millet19.5 Hulled barley, pearled barley, and barley flakes 19.8 Long grain brown rice19.17 Quinoa

Cereal and Grains (cont’d.) Pasta and noodles –Made from flour of certain grains mixed with water or eggs Assorted pasta shapes © Randy Van Dam 2008

© Randy Van Dam Assorted tubular pastas19.21 Assorted ribbon pasta Assorted stuffed pasta19.26 Assorted cellophane noodles

Pulses Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve grains or seeds within a pod –Category includes peas, chickpeas, beans, lentils, and garbanzo beans Dried pulses store very well over long periods of time –Store away from light and moisture

© Randy Van Dam Dry, split broad beans19.32 Yellow and green dry split peas Black-eyed peas19.36 Assorted whole and split lentils

Nuts and Seeds Nuts have hard outer shells enclosing a kernel Seeds are found in the fruits of plants –Capable of producing a new plant Oils are extracted from nuts and seeds Purchase nuts in vacuum sealed glass jars, in cans, or sealed bags

Nuts and Seeds (cont’d.) Nuts will keep for two to nine months in the refrigerator © Randy Van Dam Different market forms of almonds Brazil nuts19.43 Pecans

Nuts and Seeds (cont’d.) All pumpkin, melon, and squash seeds are edible protein sources © Randy Van Dam Melon, pumpkin, squash and sunflower seeds

Fruits and Vegetables Some dried fruits are subject to sugaring on the surface Many dehydrated fruits have sulfur added to prevent natural browning Types of drying methods –Sun dried, naturally dried, infused with sugar, and dried by frying

Fruits and Vegetables (cont’d.) Mushrooms are a fungus –38,000 varieties, not all of which are edible Purchase from reliable sources –Most mushrooms are grown in controlled environments Purchase specialty mushrooms that are firm, meaty, and dry to the touch

© Randy Van Dam Button mushrooms19.52 Cremini mushrooms19.53 Portabella mushrooms Cepes, or porcini mushrooms Morels19.57 Shiitake mushrooms

Fruits and Vegetables (cont’d.) Seaweed –Important food source in many Asian cultures –Laver (purple laver) is one of the most commonly consumed seaweeds Black and green olives: come from the same type of tree –Difference is ripeness at picking time

19.62 Seaweed and nori19.64 Alfonso (alphonso) olives © Randy Van Dam Kalamata olives 19.67a Barese olives Moroccan sun-dried olives 19.69a Gordal olives with pits and stuffed

Soya Products Textured vegetable proteins are extracted from certain plants by a chemical process –Widely used as a meat substitute Nutritional quality of soya bean is superior to other pulses

Soya Products (cont’d.) Tofu is made by: –Grinding soybeans in water –Extracting the liquid –Adding a coagulant –Straining to create a solid block Four textures are available: soft, medium, firm, and extra-firm

Soya Products (cont’d.) Tempeh is a cake of soybeans –Made by removing hulls of cooked soya beans, mixing with starter, then fermenting –High in protein, vitamins, and dietary fiber Textured vegetable proteins –Varying manufacturing processes produce different compositions –Low in fat; rich in proteins

19.72 Fried tofu 19.73a Soft tofu © Randy Van Dam b Firm tofu19.76 Assorted TVP products Tempeh

Summary Vegetarians must combine different plant proteins to get complete proteins There are six basic types of vegetarian foods Legumes are also called pulses Various types of drying methods for fruit exist; sulfur may be added for color

Summary (cont’d.) Mushrooms are technically a fungus –Many specialty varieties are available Tofu and tempeh are made from soybeans –High in protein and low in fat There are many forms of textured vegetable proteins