Satellite observations of the meso- and submesoscale eddies in the Baltic and Black Seas Svetlana Karimova M.Sc. in oceanography – Lomonosov.

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Satellite observations of the meso- and submesoscale eddies in the Baltic and Black Seas Svetlana Karimova M.Sc. in oceanography – Lomonosov Moscow State University Ph.D. student – Space Research Institute of RAS (IKI) Department of the Earth investigations from space Space Radar Laboratory

Research topics Mesoscale and submesoscale eddies of the Black and Baltic Seas as seen by satellite radiometer and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data:  Ways of eddies visualization in satellite images  Generic types  Spatial and temporal parameters  Areas of distribution  Seasonal and interannual dynamics  Influence on vertical water structure and bioproductivity 2 INTRODUCTION

Motivations Mesoscale eddies: – horizontal water transport – upwelling/downwelling – contamination dilute and water self-cleaning – seawaters bioproductivity Submesoscale eddies: – reasons and mechanisms of generation – lifetime – depth – contribution to water transport and mixing 3 INTRODUCTION

Areas of interest 4 INTRODUCTION Baltic Sea Black Sea Baltic Sea Black Sea

Satellite radiometer data MODIS Aqua, spatial resolution 1 km, time coverage , total number of images 1100  Water-leaving radiance 551 nm (WLR)  Chlorophyll-а concentration (Chl-a)  Sea surface temperature (SST) AVHRR NOAA/MetOp-2, SST, spatial resolution 1 км, time coverage , total number of images MESOSCALE EDDIES: GENERAL INFORMATION

Image examples ( ) 6 MESOSCALE EDDIES MODIS WLR MODIS SST AVHRR SST MODIS Chl-a

The Black Sea mesoscale eddies The Rim Current meanders and rings Quasistationary anticyclonic eddies Near-shore anticyclonic eddies (NAEs) Mushroom-like currents (eddy dipoles) Eddies of the Anatolian Coast Shear eddy chains 7 MESOSCALE EDDIES: GENERAL INFORMATION

Mushroom-like currents 8

2008 interannual variability Mushroom-like currents: 9

WinterSpring SummerAutumn 10 Seasonal variability

Mushroom-like currents’ scale Mushroom cap width (km) NumberNumber 11 MESOSCALE EDDIES: GENERAL INFORMATION

Eddy-induced chl-a transport 12 MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE MODIS WLR

Eddy-induced chl-a production AVHRR SST MODIS Chl-a MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE

Mushroom-like current Cruise MODIS Aqua Chl-a MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE SeaWiFS Chl-a

Density section MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images Envisat ASAR and ERS-2 SAR. Spatial resolution 12.5 or 75 m depending on image mode Black Sea: Since : 390 images (Russian part of the sea) 2009: 315 images Total: 875 images Baltic Sea: 2009: 336 images 16 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

Spiral lines of natural films (“black eddies”). The Baltic Sea Envisat ASAR WSM, , 09:09 GMT 17 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

Spiral lines of natural films (“black eddies”). The Baltic Sea ERS-2 SAR IMM, , 09:47 GMT ©ESA

Wave/current interaction (“white” eddies) Envisat ASAR: a) :58 GMT b) :37 GMT c) :37 GMT 19 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

Eddies visualized by ice tracers. The Kattegat Strait Envisat ASAR WSM , 09:36 GMT ©ESA

Number of the eddies discovered in SAR images of the Black Sea Generally:  845 eddies in 875 images (1 eddy per image)  845 eddies in 186 images (4,5 eddies per image) In 2009:  553 eddies in 311 images (1,8 eddies per image)  553 eddies in 100 images (5,5 eddies per image) “Black” and “white” “Black”“White” NumberNumber Relation of the “black” and “white” eddies detected in SAR images 21 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

The Black Sea eddy size “Black” eddies size Diameter (km) NumberNumber NumberNumber “White” eddies size Diameter (km) BalticBlack “Black” “White” Size comparing 22

“Black” eddies in the Baltic Sea LEGEND: Winter Spring Summer Autumn 23

“Black” eddies in the Black Sea Legend: Winter Spring Summer Autumn 24 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES DISTRIBUTION

(а) Envisat ASAR ; (b) ASAR&MERIS; (c) Envisat MERIS (а) Envisat ASAR ; (b) ASAR&MERIS; (c) Envisat MERIS SAR AND RADIOMETER DATA COMPARISON

(a) Envisat ASAR ; (b) Landsat ETM (bands 3, 2, 1) 26 SAR AND RADIOMETER DATA COMPARISON

Frontal eddies Envisat ASAR :07 GMT WLRChl-aSST 27 SAR AND RADIOMETER DATA COMPARISON

Space Research Institute, Moscow 28 EDDIES IN THE BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS