Honey Mushroom, Oregon, subterranean filaments =1,800 football fields Fig. 31-1 Ch. 31 Fungi

Characteristics of Fungi Multicellular Eukaryotes with few unicellular Heterotrophic by absorption Mostly decomposers but some parasites, mutualists, even predator Diverse habitats

(a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey Fig. 31-4a Hyphae Nematode 25 µm (a) Hyphae adapted for trapping and killing prey

Structures Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures Fig. 31-2 Structures Reproductive structure Hyphae Spore-producing structures 20 µm Mycelium = condensed network of hyphae

Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha Fig. 31-3 Cell wall Cell wall Nuclei Pore Septum Nuclei (a) Septate hypha (b) Coenocytic hypha

Reproduction varies & is specific Fig. 31-5-3 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic stage Heterokaryotic (unfused nuclei from different parents) PLASMOGAMY (fusion of cytoplasm) Diploid (2n) KARYOGAMY (fusion of nuclei) Spore-producing structures Zygote SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Spores ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Mycelium MEIOSIS GERMINATION GERMINATION Reproduction varies & is specific Spores animation

Penicillium, asexual structures called conidia Fig. 31-6 Penicillium, asexual structures called conidia 2.5 µm

Yeast reproduce asexually via budding 10 µm Fig. 31-7 Yeast reproduce asexually via budding 10 µm Parent cell Bud

Fig. 31-8 Origin of Fungi is unicellular flagellated protist. Fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants that descended from algae. Animals (and their close protistan relatives) UNICELLULAR, FLAGELLATED ANCESTOR Nucleariids Opisthokonts Chytrids Fungi Other fungi

3 of 5 Fungi phyla are defined by fruiting body structure Fig. 31-UN1 3 of 5 Fungi phyla are defined by fruiting body structure Chytrids Zygomycetes = sphere shaped Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes = sac shaped Basidiomycetes = club shaped

Fig. 31-UN6

Fig. 31-11b Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Bread Mold and other fungi that rot food are included with sphere shaped fruiting bodies called zygosporangia that hold spores.

Fig. 31-UN6b

Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Mating Fig. 31-13-4 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium

Note zygosporangia fruiting bodies Fig. 31-14 Note zygosporangia fruiting bodies 0.5 mm

Fig. 31-11d Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Cup fungi, morels and truffles are examples that hold spores in sac-like fruiting bodies called asci.

Fig. 31-UN6d

Fig. 31-16a Morchella esculenta, the tasty morel

Tuber melanosporum, a truffle Fig. 31-16b Tuber melanosporum, a truffle

Key Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Mycelia Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelium Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Asci Eight ascospores Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

Fig. 31-11e Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) “Grocery store” mushrooms as well as shelf fungi, puffballs and fairy rings have fruiting bodies shaped like pedestals or clubs called basidia.

Fig. 31-UN6e

Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a Fig. 31-18a Maiden veil fungus (Dictyphora), a fungus with an odor like rotting meat

Fig. 31-18b Puffballs emitting spores

Fig. 31-18c Shelf fungi, important decomposers of wood

Fig. 31-20 Fairy Ring – underground mycellium can grow 30 cm / yr. so giant rings are centuries old

Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY Mating type (–) Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n +n) Diploid nuclei 1 µm Basidiospore Diploid (2n)

Fungi Play Key Roles Nutrient cycling as decomposers (even jet fuel and house paint) Mutualistic relationship (so both benefit) w/ plants & is called mycchorhizae w/ animals usually to aide in digestion w/ algae or cyanobacteria called lichen Pathogenic – disease causing i.e. wheat rust & corn smut.

Ants need fungi so they can digest leaves Fig. 31-22 Ants need fungi so they can digest leaves

> 13,500 lichen species exist Fig. 31-23 > 13,500 lichen species exist  Crustose (encrusting) lichens A fruticose (shrublike) lichen  A foliose (leaflike) lichen

Fig. 31-24 In lichen the alga contributes food and the fungus provides shade, moisture, minerals even toxins so alga is not eaten. Ascocarp of fungus Soredia Fungal hyphae Algal layer Algal cell 20 µm Fungal hyphae

Pathogenic Fungi may be killed with fungicides Fig. 31-25 Pathogenic Fungi may be killed with fungicides (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye

Fig. 31-26 Staphylococcus Penicillium Zone of inhibited growth

Practical Uses of Fungi Food production – i.e. cheeses Food Fermentation – i.e. yeast Medical Value - to produce antibiotics & other drugs GMO to produce enzymes that genetically modified E. coli can not produce Yeast as a research specimen since easy to culture and to manipulate