Chapter 10 Bond Prices and Yields

U.S. Credit Market Instruments O/S 2008 Q3 By Selected Major Borrowers (Not Exhaustive List) Corporate & Foreign Bonds Municipal Bonds G.O., Revenue, Notes Mortgages $11,262 Billion (22%) $2,669 Billion (5%) $14,720 Billion (28%) 10-2

Bond Characteristics Face or par value Coupon rate –Zero coupon bond Compounding and payments –Accrued Interest Indenture 10-3

Treasury Notes and Bonds T Note maturities range up to 10 years T bond maturities range from 10 to 30 years Bid and ask price –Quoted in dollars and 32nds as a percent of par –Typical par = $1,000 Accrued interest –Quoted price does not include interest accrued 10-4

Corporate Bonds & Debt Most bonds are traded over the counter Par = $1,000 Registered versus Bearer bonds Call provisions Convertible provision Put provision (putable bonds) Floating rate bonds Preferred Stock 10-5

Other Domestic Issuers Federal Home Loan Bank Board Farm Credit Agencies Ginnie Mae Fannie Mae Freddie Mac Municipalities 10-6

International Bonds Foreign bonds –Issued by a borrower from a country other than the one in which the bond is sold. –Bonds are denominated in the currency of the country in which it is sold. Yankee bonds, Samurai bonds, Bulldog bonds Eurobonds –Bonds issued in the currency of one country but sold in other national markets. Eurodollar bonds, Euroyen bonds 10-7

Innovations in the Bond Market Inverse floaters –Coupon rate falls when interest rates rise & vice versa Asset-backed bonds –Income from specified assets is used to service the bond Pay-in-kind bonds –Bond issuer may choose to pay interest by giving the investor a bond rather than cash 10-8

Innovations in the Bond Market Cat bonds (Catastrophe bonds) –In the event of a specified ‘disaster’ the bond issuer’s required payments are reduced or eliminated. Indexed bonds –Payments are tied to a price index or the price of a commodity. TIPS (Treasury Inflation Protected Securities) With TIPS the par value of the bond increases with the Consumer Price Index. 10-9

Bond Pricing Between Coupon Dates The flat price or quoted price assumes the bond is purchased on a coupon payment date. If the bond buyer purchases a bond between payment dates the buyer’s invoice price = flat price + accrued interest

Bond Prices and Yields Prices and Yields (required rates of return) have an inverse relationship When yields get very high the value of the bond will be very low When yields approach zero, the value of the bond approaches the sum of the cash flows 10-11

Alternative Measures of Yield Current Yield –Annual dollar coupon divided by the price Yield to Call –Call price replaces par –Call date replaces maturity Holding Period Yield –Considers actual reinvestment rate on coupons –Considers any change in price if the bond is sold prior to maturity 10-12

Premium and Discount Bonds Premium Bond –Coupon rate exceeds yield to maturity –Bond price will decline to par over its maturity Discount Bond –Yield to maturity exceeds coupon rate –Bond price will increase to par over its maturity Can you explain why these price change will occur? 10-13

Figure 10.7 The Price of a Zero Coupon Bond over Time How does one earn a rate of return on a zero coupon bond? What are STRIPS? How is the price appreciation taxed? 10-14

Default Risk and Ratings Main Ratings Companies –Moody’s Investor Service –Standard & Poor’s –Fitch Main Rating Categories –Investment grade –Speculative grade (junk bonds) 10-15

Factors Used by Rating Companies Coverage ratios –TIE and Fixed Charges Coverage ratio Leverage ratios –Debt to equity or Debt to assets Liquidity ratios –Current and quick ratio Profitability ratios –Return on assets and return on equity Cash flow to debt –Cash flow to debt 10-16

Protection Against Default Sinking funds –Issuer may repurchase a given fraction of the outstanding bonds each year, or –Issuer may either repurchase at the lower of open market price or at a pre-specified price, usually par; bonds are chosen randomly Serial bonds –Staggered maturity dates Subordination of future debt –Senior debt holders must be paid in full before junior debt holders

Protection Against Default Dividend restrictions –Limit on liquidating dividends Collateral –A specific asset pledged against possible default on a bond. –What is a bond called that has no specific collateral? 10-18

Credit Default Swaps A credit default swap (CDS) is an insurance policy on the default risk of a bond or loan. The seller of the swap collects an annual premium (and sometimes an upfront fee) from the swap buyer. The buyer of the swap collects nothing unless the bond issuer or loan borrower defaults, in which case the seller of the swap essentially pays the drop in value from par to the swap buyer

Credit Default Swaps CDSs can be used to speculate on financial health of firms. –Swap buyer need not hold the underlying bond or loan. –At their peak there were reportedly $63 trillion worth of CDS; US GDP is about $14 trillion. –What is the implication of the size of this market if the economy experiences greater than expected defaults? –Did this contribute to the Financial Crisis of 2008? 10-20

Credit Default Swaps New regulations on CDS will be implemented –CDS contracts will be required to be traded on an exchange with collateral requirements to limit risk. –Exchange trading will also increase transparency of positions of institutions

Term Structure of Interest Rates Relationship between yields to maturity and maturity Yield curve: a graph of the yields on bonds relative to the number of years to maturity –Have to be similar risk or other factors would be influencing yields 10-22

Theories of the Term Structure Expectations –Long term rates are a function of expected future short term rates –Upward slope means that the market is expecting higher future short term rates –Downward slope means that the market is expecting lower future short term rates Liquidity Preference –Upward bias over expectations –The observed long-term rate includes a risk premium 10-23