Bioinformatics Tutorial I BLAST and Sequence Alignment
What is BLAST? Online tool from National Center for the Biotechnology Information (NCBI) “Google” for proteins and nucleotide sequences
What can you use BLAST for? Identify an unknown sequence Characterize the gene/protein of interest – Function/activity (gene and protein) – Structure or shape (new protein) – Location or preferred location (protein) – Stability (gene/transcript or protein) Origin of a gene or protein
Sequence alignment approaches 1.Global alignment – Needleman and Wunsch, Local alignment (used in BLAST) – Smith and Waterman, 1980
Global alignment One approach for searching a query sequence is to align the entire sequence against all sequences in a database This approach is very slow and hence impractical
BLAST A much faster approach Divides your search query into short sequences (“words”) and initially looks for exact matches. Once found, these words are then extended i.e. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool Altschul, S.F. et al. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 215(3):403-10(1990). Altschul, S.F. et al.
BLAST algorithm Query sequences are usually split into words Each word is then searched in database Word hits are extended in either direction to generate alignment with score greater than the threshold score
BLAST “The central idea of the BLAST algorithm is to confine attention to segment pairs that contain a word pair of length w with a score of at least T” - Alschul et al, 1990
How does BLAST work?
Step 1: Get your sequence NCBI, UCSC etc.. Sequencing facility (unknown gene)
Step 2: Choose BLAST program
The different BLAST programs blastn (nucleotide BLAST) blastp (protein BLAST) blastx (translated BLAST) tblastn (translated BLAST) tblastx (translated BLAST)
Simplified visualization
Why translate in 6 reading frames? 5’ CAT CAA 5’ ATC AAC 5’ TCA ACT 5’ GTG GGT 5’ TGG GTA 5’ GGG TAG 5’ CATCAACTACAACTCCAAAGACACCCTTACACATCAACAAACCTACCCAC 3’ 3’ GTAGTTGATGTTGAGGTTTCTGTGGGAATGTGTAGTTGTTTGGATGGGTG 5’ DNA sequence can code for six different proteins
Step 3: Search parameters
Step 4: Search results
Important: Tabular output
Score Sequence similarity score is calculated based on the pair-wise alignment quality Alignment score is the sum of scores for each position
Score Nucleotides +1 score for each match -2 score for each mismatch Peptides Each amino acid substitution is given a score
Example AACGTTTCCAGTCCAAATAGCTAGGC ===--=== =-===-==-====== AACCGTTC TACAATTACCTAGGC Hits(+1): 18 Misses (-2): 5 Gaps (existence -2, extension -1): 1 Length: 3 Score = 18 * * (-2) – 2 – 2 = 6 David Fristrom, Introduction to BLAST
E-value E-value – expectation value; the number of different alignments which would yield a similar or better score if searched though the database by chance alone. Low E-value – sequences may be homologous Statistical significance depends on.. – Length of the query sequence – Size of the sequence database
Graphical output
Taxonomy Results
Graphical output
References Figures and text adapted from the following sources: – David Fristrom, Introduction to BLAST – Jonathan Pevsner, BLAST: Basic local alignment search tool – Joanne Fox, BLAST: Finding function by sequence similarity