The Efficacy of Non-invasive Diagnostic for CAD in PMK Hospital Maj. Hutsaya Prasitdumrong, M.D. Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital

Coronary atherosclerosis Coronary artery disease (CAD) Ischemic heart disease (IHD) Foam cells Fatty streak Intermediatelesion Atheroma Fibrousplaque Complicatedlesion/rupture From First Decade From Third Decade From Fourth Decade Endothelial Dysfunction

Investigations for CAD Anatomical Tests CT angiography MR angiography Coronary angiography Functional Tests Exercise stress test Stress ECHO Stress CMR MPI: SPECT PET

Coronary Angiography GOLD standard for detection of CAD Identify coronary arteries stenosis and its severity

Diagnostic Accuracy of Non-invasive Modalities for Detection of CAD Applied Radiology 2011;40(5):13-22

Coronary Angiography VS Coronary CT Angiography Coronary Angiography Invasive Require day care admission Iodine contrast Radiation Cost Resume normal activity after 24 hours Risk: death, stroke, CA dissection about 1:1000 Coronary CT Angiography Non-invasive Out patient visit Iodine contrast Radiation Cost Resume normal activity right after scanning Risk: safer

Coronary Angiography VS Coronary CT Angiography Coronary Angiography Coronary CT Angiography

Non-invasive or Invasive Test Circulation 2002;106:

Coronary CT Angiography Coronary artery calcified plaque is nearly 100% specific for atheromatous coronary plaque Can develop early in the course of subclinical atherosclerosis Present in the intima of both obstructive and non-obstructive lesion

Coronary Calcium Score Developed by David King Published by Agatston and coworker

Coronary calcium by EBCT and atherosclerotic plaque by histopathology Rumberger, j.a. et al. Circulation 1995;92: Coronary Calcium VS Atherosclerosis

Coronary Calcium & Coronary Events Detrano et al. NEJM 2008;358(13):

Risk Stratification CAC score Plaque burden Probability of CAD Cardiac event risk Management 0NoVery unlikely <1% 10 yr risk <2% <0.11% annually Reassure Repeat scan 5 yrs 0-80SmallLow0.2% annuallyRisk factors modification Repeat scan 2-5 yrs ModeratePossible1% annually(2° prevention) ± EST ASA, statin >400extensiveHigh likelihood Up to 4.8% annually (2° prevention) ASA, statin

64-Slice VS 640-Slice CT Angiography 64-Slice CTA 32 mm area detector Scanning is in helical mode Longer exposure time Higher dose of radiation Higher dose of contrast ( cc) More artifact 640-Slice CTA 160 mm wide area detector Scanning in 1 rotation Shorter exposure time Radiation dose reduced by up to 50% Less contrast (50 cc) Less artifact Available in AF patient

PMK Heart Center Protocol Take history of previous contrast allergy and PDE5 drug use Target HR 60 bpm prior to scan Med: Metoprolol up to 100 mg keep BP > 110/70 Alt: Ivabradine 5 mg bid for 3 days 0.4 mg Nitroglycerine oral spray 1 puff CTA scan: Prospective scan kVp Contrast cc Effective dose mSv At observation room

Effective Dose for Cardiovascular Imaging Tests Catheterization and Cardiovascular Intervention 2011;77:546-56

Appropriate Criteria for Calcium Scan and Coronary CTA Calcium scan – Intermediate risk for CAD – Low risk for CAD with family history of premature coronary heart disease Coronary CTA – Symptomatic patient with low or intermediate risk – Reduced LVEF with low or intermediate risk – Pre-op evaluation for non-cardiac surgery – Post revascularization JACC 2010;56(22):