การจัดการช่องทางการจัดจำหน่าย Distribution Channel Management

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Presentation transcript:

การจัดการช่องทางการจัดจำหน่าย Distribution Channel Management Chapter 5 Gap Analysis INTRODUCTION การที่จะประสบความสำเร็จในการออกแบบแบบช่องทางการตลาด (marketing channel design), เราจะต้องเข้าใจธรรมชาติความต้องการของผู้บริโภคสุดท้าย การที่เราจะเข้าใจความต้องการของผู้บริโภคเราต้องเข้าใจว่าผู้บริโภคต้องการบริโภคอะไร แต่ที่สำคัญยิ่งกว่านั้นเราต้องเข้าใจว่าผู้บริโภคซื้อและใช้ผลิตภัณฑ์นั้นอย่างไร นั่นคือเราต้องเข้าใจว่าเราจะขายผลิตภัณฑ์อย่างไรแทนที่จะเข้าใจว่าเราจะขายผลิตภัณฑ์อะไร

DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND CHENNEL EFFICIENCY CHANNEL DESIGN: DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND CHENNEL EFFICIENCY SUPPLY DEMAND Channel Flows . Channel Flows . Channel Flows . Producers Degree of Selectivity Intensive distribution -Exclusive Wholesalers Retailers Category Selectivity Consumers Industrial and Household Service Output Demand (SOD) - Bulk-breaking Spatial convenience Delivery and waiting time Assortment and variety Customer service Information provision C 04 C 03 C 05 C 02 CHANNEL EFFICIENCY CHANNEL GAPS The arrows above show flows of activity in the channel (e.g. physical possession flows from producers to wholesalers to retailers to consumers).

Chapter 4 Outlines Learning Objectives Understand that the sources of channel gaps are channel bound, which can be either environmental or managerial in nature. Be able to define a channel gap as either a shortfall or an oversupply of service outputs demanded (a demand-side channel gap) or as an overly high total cost of running the channel (a supply-side channel gap). Be familiar with the different types of channel gaps both on the demand side and the supply side. Be able to identify strategies for closing the various types of channel gaps. Be able to use the gap analysis template to summarize the knowledge about channel gaps in a given channel situation and suggest means of closing the gaps. Learning Objectives เข้าใจบทบาทของความต้องการของผู้บริโภค (end-users ) สุดท้ายต่อการออกแบบช่องทางการตลาด (marketing channels) ทราบความหมายของผลลัพธ์บริการ (service outputs) วิธีการกำหนดและวิเคราะห์ผลลัพธ์บริการ สามารถจำแนกตลาดออกเป็นส่วนๆ ตามช่องทางการตลาดเพื่อวัตถุประสงค์ในการออกแบบหรือแก้ไขช่องทางการตลาด สามารถประเมินว่าบริษัทควรจะสนองความต้องการผลลัพธ์บริการ (service output demands) หรือไม่ และควรจะสนองเมื่อไร เข้าใจความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความต้องการผลลัพธ์บริการ (service output demands) กับการแก้ไขปัญหาเกี่ยวกับการออกแบบช่องทางการตลาด

FIGURE 5-1: THE GAP ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK SOURCES OF GAPS Environmental Bounds: Local legal constraints Local physical, retailing infrastructure Managerial Bounds: Constraint due to lack of knowledge Constraint due to optimization at a higher level TYPES OF GAPS Demand-Side Gaps: SOS < SOD SOS > SOD Which service outputs? Supply-Side Gaps: Flow cost is too high Which flow(s)? CLOSING GAPS Offer tiered service levels Expand/contract provision of service outputs Change segment(s) targeted Change flow responsibilities of current channel members Invest in new low-cost distribution technologies Bring in new channel members Environmental Bounds: Local legal constraints: รถก๊อล์ฟสามารถวิ่งได้ด้วยความเร็วไม่เกิน 35 กม. ต่อชั่วโมงใน California, Arizona, Georgia แต่ไม่สามารถวิ่งได้ในรัฐอื่นๆ ในสหรัฐ รถอีแต๋นไม่สามารถวิ่งบนผิวจราจรในประเทศไทย ในเวียตนามการกระจายสินค้าจะต้องทำผ่านตัวแทนจำหน่ายในจังหวัดเท่านั้น ในอินโดนีเซียห้ามสร้างซุปเปอร์มาร์เก็ตและซุปเปอร์สโตร์ใกล้ตลาดค้าปลีก Local physical, retailing infrastructure On-line bill payment, e-commerce การขยายตัวของกิจกรรมเหล่านี้ขึ้นอยู่กับ การขยายตัวของจำนวนผู้ใช้อินเตอร์เน็ต ระบบซ๊อฟต์แวร์ที่จะนำมาใช้ ในเวียตนามมีแต่ตัวแทนจำหน่ายแลผู้ค้าปลีก การซื้อขายเป็นเงินสดเท่านั้น ในอินโดนีเซียมีตัวแทนจำหน่าย ร้านขายปลีกในตลาดชั้นล่างขายของสด ชั้นบนขายของแห้ง ร้านขายปลีกที่ตั้งอยู่เดี่ยวๆ มีซุปเปอร์มาร์เก็ตบ้าง แต่ไม่มีซุปเปอร์สโตร์ Managerial Bounds: Managerial Bounds refers to constraints on distribution structure arising rules within a company. Constraint due to lack of knowledge บริษัทขายคอมพิวเตอร์ออนไลน์ประสบปัญหาของคืนสูงมาก จึงออกกฎว่าให้คืนได้เฉพาะของที่ชะรุดเท่านั้น ปรากฏว่าอัตราการคืนของยังสูงเหมือนเดิม Constraint due to optimization at a higher level

FIGURE 5-6: TYPES OF GAPS

Closing Channel Gaps Once the gaps are identified, it is then up to the managers to try to close them. The recommended solution depends on the diagnosis of the problem; different types of gaps require different solutions. Closing demand-side gaps Closing supply-side gaps

Closing Channel Gaps The three main methods of closing demand-side gaps exists: Expanding or retracting the level of service outputs provided to the target market. Offering multiple, tiered service outputs level to appeal different segment. Altering the list of segments targeted.

Closing Channel Gaps Closing supply-side gaps-- Channel gaps on the supply side can be managed in multiple means: Changing the roles of current channel members Investing in new distributions technologies to reduce costs Bringing in new distribution function specialists to improve the functioning of the channel

FIGURE 5-2: ONLINE BILLING AND PAYMENT: GAP ANALYSIS BOUNDS GAPS CLOSING THE GAPS Environmental: Technology infrastructure: takes time to fully develop initially endowed benefits more on billers than on payers is not universally available is characterized by high fixed set-up costs, but low marginal implementation costs and thus is not attractive unless significant scale is achieved Demand-side: Assortment/variety (one-stop bill payment site not available) Waiting time too long (some e-bills took 5 days to pay) Information provision poor (thus e-bill payment viewed as risky) Supply-side: Clear lowering of many channel flow costs But consumer (as a channel member) bears more perceived risk, with no compensating price cut Cost cuts initially much more available to biller than to payer (asymmetric cost efficiencies that hamper adoption) Relax environmental bounds: Build software applications to generate back-office benefits for B2B players Presentment technology eventually developed to improve assortment/variety for consumer payers Increase promotional efforts  generate information for consumers Add new specialist channel members New specialists develop new technology to provide integrated benefits to consumers and B2B payers

FIGURE 5-8: DEMAND-SIDE GAP ANALYSIS TEMPLATE SERVICE OUTPUT LEVEL DEMANDED (SOD) VERSUS SERVICE OUTPUT LEVEL SUPPLIED (SOS) SEGMENT NAME/ DESCRIPTOR BULK BREAKING SPATIAL CONVENIENCE DELIVERY/ WAITING TIME ASSORTMENT/ VARIETY CUSTOMER SERVICE INFORMATION PROVISION MAJOR CHANNEL FOR THIS SEGMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Notes and directions for using this template: Enter names and/or descriptions for each segment. Enter whether SOS>SOD, SOS<SOD, or SOS=SOD for each service output and each segment. Add footnotes to explain entries if necessary. If known and relevant, footnote can record any supply-side gaps that lead to each demand-side gap. Record major channel used by each segment, i.e., how does this segment of buyers choose to buy?

FIGURE 5-9: SUPPLY-SIDE GAP ANALYSIS TEMPLATE (to be used in conjunction with Demand-Side Gap Analysis Template, Figure 5-8) CHANNEL [targeting which segment(s)?] CHANNEL MEMBERS AND FLOWS THEY PERFORM ENVIRONMENTAL/ MANAGERIAL BOUNDS SUPPLY-SIDE GAPS [affecting which flow(s)?] PLANNED TECHNIQUES FOR CLOSING GAPS DO/DID ACTIONS CREATE OTHER GAPS? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Notes: Record routes to market in the channel system. List should include all channels recorded in Figure 5-4 above. Note the segment or segments targeted through each channel. Summarize channel members and key flows they perform (ideally, link this to the Efficiency Template analysis in Chapter 3). Note any environmental or managerial bounds facing this channel. Note all supply-side gaps in this channel, by flow or flows affected. If known, record techniques currently in use or planned for use to close gaps (or note that no action is planned, and why). Analyze whether proposed/actual actions have created or will create other gaps.

FIGURE 5-10: DEMAND-SIDE GAP ANALYSIS TEMPLATE: CDW EXAMPLE SERVICE OUTPUT LEVEL DEMANDED (SOD: L/M/H) VERSUS SERVICE OUTPUT LEVEL SUPPLIED BY CDW (SOS) SEGMENT NAME/ DESCRIPTOR BULK BREAKING SPATIAL CONVENIENCE DELIVERY/ WAITING TIME ASST/ VARIETY CUSTOMER SERVICE INFORMATION PROVISION MAJOR CHANNEL FOR THIS SEGMENT 1. Small business buyer H (SOS=SOD) Original equipment: M (SOS=SOD) Post-sale service: H (SOS=SOD) (SOS>SOD) M (SOS>SOD) H (both pre-sale and post-sale) Value-added reseller like CDW, or retailer 2. Large business buyer L (SOS>SOD) Original equipment: H (SOS=SOD) Post-sale service: L (SOS>SOD) Original equipment: M (SOS>SOD) M/H (SOS=SOD) Manufacturer direct, or large reseller like CDW 3. Gov’t/ education Original equipment: H Post-sale service: M (SOS>SOD) M/H Manufacturer direct, or reseller; 23 percent from small business (VARs)

FIGURE 5-11: SUPPLY-SIDE GAP ANALYSIS TEMPLATE: CDW EXAMPLE (to be used in conjunction with Demand-Side Gap Analysis Template, Figure 5-10) CHANNEL [targeting which segment(s)?] CHANNEL MEMBERS AND FLOWS THEY PERFORM* ENVIRONMENTAL (E) / MANAGERIAL (M) BOUNDS SUPPLY-SIDE GAPS [affecting which flow(s)?] PLANNED TECHNIQUES FOR CLOSING GAPS DO/DID ACTIONS CREATE OTHER GAPS? 1. CDW direct to buyer ( small business buyer) Manufacturer; CDW; Sm. Bus. Buyer (M): no screening of recruits for expected longevity with firm Promotion [sales force training/turnover] Better screening of new recruits No Buying from CDW closes gaps for customer in Risking 2. CDW direct to buyer ( large business buyer, government) CDW, CDW-G; Lg. Bus. Buyer or Government Buyer (E): government requires 23 percent of purchases from small vendors Negotiation [cannot close 23% of deals with government] Better screening of new recruits; Rely on consortium channel structure (below) 3. CDW + small business VAR consortium member ( government) CDW-G; Small VAR; consortium partner Government Buyer (E): government requires 23 percent of purchases from small vendors; (M): VAR’s small business size Promotion [sales force training/turnover]; (Negotiation: only a gap for a small VAR not in the CDW alliance) Negotiation gap above is closed through consortium with small VARs Note: all channel members perform all flows to some extent. Key channel flows of interest are promotion, negotiation, and risking.