Thomas J. Pfaff Ithaca College

M. King Hubbert’s ( ), chief consultant- general geology- for shell development company, 1956 paper Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels.

Normal Density: 55% of all domestic oil was consumed from 1960 to 2000: 99% of all domestic oil is predicted to be consumed by 2036:

"By 2012, surplus oil production capacity could entirely disappear, and as early as 2015, the shortfall in output could reach nearly 10 million barrels per day," says the report, which has a foreword by a senior commander, General James N Mattis Joint Operating Environment report from the US Joint Forces Command guardian.co.uk, Sunday 11 April 2010

A Look at Global Temperature T(x)=0.0005x x F T’(x)=0.001x F/year x years after 1950 T(59)= F and T’(58)=0.05 F/year In 2009 the average global temperature was deg F and increasing at a rate of 0.05 deg F per year.

Temperature Predictions T(100)=61.55 F and T(150)=67.43 F The model predicts that in 2050 the average temperature will be deg F, and in 2100 it will be deg F, an increase of 3.43 and 9.31 deg F, respectively, since 2000.

More Temperature Predictions Using T’(58)=.0528 F/year If global temperatures continue to increase at current rates, then by 2050 there will be an increase of 2.61 deg F and by 2100 there will be an increase of 5.26 deg F since The average global temperature in those years will be and 63.38, respectively.

-National Academies Report on Climate Change (March 2006)

National Academies Report: Climate Change The rising temperature observed since 1978 are particularly noteworthy because the rate of increase is so high and because, during the same period, the energy reaching the Earth from the Sun had been measured precisely enough to conclude that Earth’s warming was not due to changes in the Sun. -March 2006

Summary of Sea Ice 1980 Max: msk, x=2.59 Min: 7.86 msk, x=8.79 Inf: msk/month, x=6.44 Melt Period: 6.20 months 2008 Max: msk, x=2.26 Min: 5.40 msk, x=8.80 Inf: msk/month, x=6.77 Melt Period: 6.54 months

Slopes of Lines March: msk/yr, (-0.054, ) Sept: msk/yr, ( , )

Muir Glacier, Alaska

Glacier Melting Facts Two BILLION people in more than a dozen countries depend on rivers fed by the snow and ice of the plateau region. (Nat Geo, April 2010) The Tibetan Plateau as a whole is heating up twice as fast as the global average. (Nat Geo, April 2010) Snowpack too!

Work with Brian McGauvran

Heat Index (°F) Probability Above HI % % 11038% 11524% 12014% 1258% 1304% Observed Ithaca Maxima Predicted Ithaca Maxima Heat Index (°F) Probability Above HI 10082% 10570% 11057% 11543% 12031% 12522% 13014%

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