The EU and its member states- Europeanization

The specificity of foreign and security policy cooperation and integration Foreign policy cooperation is the least likely case of cooperation not only in the EU context Foreign policy adaptation cannot be explained in terms of domestic demands Changes in EU MSs foreign policy cannot be adequately explained in terms of ‘functional spillover’ or ‘political spillover’ Policy outcomes rarely reflected the lowest common denominator There were no permanent cleavages and power blocs in EPC, Outside influences has not been very strong motivation for EU foreign policy cooperation M.E. Smith (2004)

Instrumental and constructivist logic of interests formation Instrumental logic of interest formation in an intergovernmental setting where the MSs retain veto power specific bargains take place, often in the form of side-payments and issue-linkages. If bargains are not allowed and the states retain their veto power, the most likely result is the lowest common denominator solution. Agenda-setting and leadership: the largest and most powerful states often have the most impact Change in both institutions and substantive policies: minimum institutional change in the absence of powerful internal and external forces. Social rationality Privileges debating over bargaining Leadership in the system comes from any legitimate actor; Allows for more dynamism in the absence of internal and external pressures

Institutionalised forms of EU’s foreign policy-making Intergovernmental instrumental rationality: governments bargain among themselves in weakly institutionalised settings (periodic summits) and achieve gains that must be approved (explicitly or tacitly) by their respective constituents Supranational decision-making: intense common interests, EU governments have delegated their sovereignty over those policies to EC institutions and procedures Transgovernmental network- a system where relevant officials conduct an intense discourse about foreign policy issues away from the glare of intergovernmental summits

Development of EU’s foreign policy cooperation Creation and structure of the original intergovernmental forum of EPC Expansion of the transgovernmental EPC/CFSP communications network to support the intergovernmental forum forum Emergence and codification of EU foreign policy rules governing EU MSs and EU institutions such as the Commission.

Transgovernmental EPC network 1973 EPC COREU system - encrypted telex network Maastricht Treaty- the network extended to include new officials CFSP Councillors in COREPER and more representatives of other EC institutions, the Commission and the Secretariat General of the Council of Ministers The importance of communication channels for redefining problems, interests and policy options

EU foreign policy rules 1977 coutumier (custom), the SEA gave them treaty status Receuil (collection) Acquis politique Consultation Coordination reflex Confidentiality- states could not use the information shared to embarrass or blame other states. Domaines reserves The role of the rotating six-month presidency in foreign affairs

EPC/ CFSP performance record Actions Functions Instruments Consistency: more linkages of external policies of the EC and those formulated under EPC/CFSP National adaptation on substantive EPC/ CFSP issues