© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. U*S* A NARRATIVE HISTORY, FIRST EDITION Chapter 20: The Rise of an Urban Order ( )

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “At the center of the new industrial order was the city. But to accommodate the global migration of laborers and families, to support the sprawling factories and the masses who kept them going, urban centers of the late nineteenth century had to reinvent themselves.” “At the center of the new industrial order was the city. But to accommodate the global migration of laborers and families, to support the sprawling factories and the masses who kept them going, urban centers of the late nineteenth century had to reinvent themselves.” 2

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights A New Urban Age A New Urban Age Running and Reforming the City Running and Reforming the City City Life City Life City Culture City Culture 3

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. A New Urban Age The Urban Explosion The Urban Explosion –Cities’ relations to regions around them shaped natural and economic environments The Great Global Migration The Great Global Migration –Push and pull factors –Chinese immigrants –The “new” immigration from southern and eastern Europe in the 1880s 4

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immigration and Population,

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Shape of the City The Shape of the City –Patterns of settlement –Suburban homes Urban Transportation Urban Transportation –Role of electricity –Mass transit freed the middle class and poor to live miles from work Bridges and Skyscrapers Bridges and Skyscrapers –Suspension bridges –Cloudscrapers: open floors ideal for warehouses, office buildings and department stores 6

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Growth of New Orleans to

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8

Slum and Tenement Slum and Tenement –Perils of the slum neighborhood –Dumbbell tenement spread “like a scab” “Far below the skyscrapers lay the slums and tenements of the inner city. In cramped rooms and sunless hallways, along narrow alleys and in flooded basements lived the city poor.” 9

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Running and Reforming the City Boss Rule Boss Rule –The boss as entrepreneur –A crude welfare system Rewards, Costs and Accomplishments Rewards, Costs and Accomplishments –Boss William Tweed and Tammany Hall –Bosses guided immigrants and helped underprivileged up from poverty –Toll was often outrageous 10

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Nativism, Revivals, and the Social Gospel Nativism, Revivals, and the Social Gospel –Nativism: a defensive and fearful nationalism –Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): banned the entry of Chinese laborers –Social Gospel: focused on improving the conditions of society The Social Settlement Movement The Social Settlement Movement –The settlement house –Lobbied for social legislation to improve housing, women’s working conditions and public schools 11

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 12

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. City Life The Immigrant in the City The Immigrant in the City –Ethnic neighborhoods –Adapting to America –Family life –Special situation of the Chinese –Assimilation Urban Middle-Class Life Urban Middle-Class Life –The home as haven and status symbol –The middle-class homemaker 13

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue Victorianism and the Pursuit of Virtue –Woman’s Christian Temperance Union –Comstock Law (1873) fought pornography Challenges to Convention Challenges to Convention –Victoria Woodhull –Urban homosexual communities “Middle-class life reflected a code of behavior called Victorianism, named for Britain’s long-reigning Queen Victoria ( ). It emerged in the 1830s and 1840s as part of an effort to tame the turbulent urban-industrial society developing in Europe.” 14

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. City Culture Public Education in an Urban Industrial World Public Education in an Urban Industrial World – : an educational awakening occurred –Schools taught conformity and values in addition to reading, writing and arithmetic Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional –Postgraduate education –Higher education for women 15

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. A Culture of Consumption A Culture of Consumption –Department stores –Chain stores and mail-order houses Leisure Leisure –Sports and class distinctions –Spectator sports for the urban masses Arts and Entertainment Arts and Entertainment –The streets, the saloon, dance halls, boxing exhibitions, concerts and theater –Popular music and the coming of jazz 16