1 MHS 5340 Foundations of Career Development James P. Sampson, Jr. Florida State University Evolution of Work, Mental Health, Family, Education, and Leisure

2 Why work? Economic Social Psychological

3 Past, Present, & Future Trends Hunter-gatherer model –Men hunted, women gathered Agrarian / Agricultural model –Tools needed to work farms –Trade became popular Class development –Landowners vs. laborers

4 Past, Present, & Future Trends Class development –Middle class composed of merchants and very skilled craftsmen –Professions develop Clergy Medicine Law

5 Past, Present, & Future Trends Children –Eldest son enters father’s occupation –Other sons enter varied occupations –Daughters become wives and care for children as well as work in the home and often work in the family business

6 Past, Present, & Future Trends Industrial Revolution –Movement of workers from farms to cities Self-employment to working for others –Difficulty with career development in new trades Families less helpful in guiding children Family influence strong in deterministic society

7 Past, Present, & Future Trends Immigrants –New groups wanted to reinvent themselves in America –Commonality of achievement motivation –Needed education –Ability to read & write supports vibrant middle class –Still needed vocational guidance

8 Past, Present, & Future Trends Frank Parsons (1908) –Leader in social reform movement –Innovative practitioner and theorist –Three-part model of decision making Self knowledge Occupational knowledge True reasoning

9 Past, Present, & Future Trends W W I –Tests developed for selection of soldiers and officers –Aptitude tests created

10 Past, Present, & Future Trends School guidance and work –Education and economic achievement at work allows upward mobility in social class unprecedented social development –Guidance programs Vocational education College selection

11 Past, Present, & Future Trends W W II –Women moved into work force vacated by men –Women didn’t want to stop working after war – valued independence –Rise of women’s movement –Soldiers needed counseling for “shell shock” (now PTSD)

12 Past, Present, & Future Trends W W II –Soldiers needed career counseling for college major choice for post-military careers Sputnik (1957) –Russians launch 1 st satellite –Americans surprised and embarrassed –Counselors encouraged to “guide” students into math and engineering careers

13 Past, Present, & Future Trends Alternative ways to work –Permanent full-time –Part-time –Flextime –Overtime –Shift work –Multiple jobs

14 Past, Present, & Future Trends Alternative ways to work –Job sharing –Telecommuting –Independent contractor, Self-employment, Freelancer or Consultant –Contingent workforce Outsourcing, temporary services, on-call workers, interns, co-ops

15 Past, Present, & Future Trends Career Education integrates the school, community and employers Human Resource Development emerges among private, not-for-profit, and public sector employers School-to-Work movement emerges from the career education movement One-Stop Centers integrate public employment, training, and social services in one location

16  Problems of Unemployment Admundson & Borgen: –Job loss and grieving process denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance –Job search / burnout enthusiasm, stagnation, frustration, apathy, and further depression

17 Work Adjustment Counseling Work Adjustment Counseling integrates mental health counseling and career counseling –Problems working with fellow employees –Problems relating to supervisors –Problems in job performance not related to skills –Chronic unemployment

18 Employee Assistance Programs Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) initiated to cope with substance abuse on the job: –Absenteeism –Poor/unsafe performance EAP’s now handle any  problem that interferes with work

19 Employee Assistance Programs EAP issues: –Health problems –Family –Work addiction –Anxiety –Depression

20 Employee Assistance Programs Service delivery: –In-house (company EAP) –Referral (contract out to EAP firm) Less expensive to provide EAP service than to hire and train a new worker

21 Systems Approach to Career A system of interrelated factors affect Career Development Three levels: –I. World events (war, economics) –II. Culture –III. Elements of work, family, education / training, and leisure

22 Systems Approach World and economic events may affect work, family, education, and leisure Interventions in one life role affect other life roles Be aware of client’s culture when considering his/her system of work, family, education, leisure

23 Leisure Hard work highly valued This century has seen increase in leisure time Better leisure = better work People don’t always make good leisure choices

24 Types of Leisure Blocker & Siegal –Complementary –Supplementary –Compensatory Supplementary and Compensatory can be the same activity

25  Contributions of Leisure Challenge Support Structure Feedback Application Integration

26 Homework Assignment #2 What are your leisure activities? What types of leisure are they? –complementary, supplemental, compensatory What  contribution does your leisure give you?

For Additional Information Thank You

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