Motivation and Emotion Chapter 8

Motivation Motivation - the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. Industrial and Organizational Psychology (I-O) Motivational principles that boost efficiency, productivity, and well being in the work place Incentive Theory- we are pulled toward behaviors by rewards or incentives Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior Extrinsic motivation- a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person. ( get rewards/avoid punishments) Intrinsic motivation- desire to perform a behavior for it’s own sake

Drive (Reduction) Theory of Motivation Drive-reduction theory - approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal. Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism. Drive - a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension(eating or drinking).

Arousal Approach to Motivation Stimulus motive - a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation. Sensation seeking behavior Driven by curiosity

Abraham Maslow’s- Hierarchy of Needs Humanist that believed we all have needs we are motivated to satisfy Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential. Peak experiences- according to Maslow, times in a person’s life during which self actualization is temporarily achieved.

Criticism- theory based on successful upper/middle class people living in the Western Hemisphere.

Hunger: Bodily Causes Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream. Glucose- form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides energy Endocrine System

Hunger: Bodily Causes Weight set point – the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain. “Weight Thermostat”- fall below and hunger increases while metabolism decreases Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting. Menu

Biological factors of Eating Lateral hypothalamus- tells the body to eat. If damaged, a person could starve to death Ghrelin- a hormone, that, when released into the bloodstream, cues your brain that food is needed

Biological Factors of Eating Problems Ventromedial hypothalamus tells the body to stop eating- if damaged a person will eat uncontrollably Leptin - a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full. Connected to fat storage. High levels of glucose or fatty acids in blood trigger Leptin to be released, terminating eating behaviors

Hunger: Social Causes Social cues for when meals are to be eaten. Cultural customs. Food preferences. Use of food as a comfort device or escape from unpleasantness. Eat when other people eat. Television Commercials Magazines Some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response, increasing the risk of obesity.

Obesity and weight control Obesity - a condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person’s height (actual percents vary across definitions). Approximately 66% of Americans Especially dangerous for children (set point, basal metabolic rate, eating habits) Once a fat cell develops, it sticks around Consequences are dire, lower life expectancy and significant life long health problems Measured by BMI (Body Mass Index)

Eating Problems Anorexia Nervosa - a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs. Bulimia Nervosa - a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and “purging” or deliberately vomiting after eating or taking lacatives Leads to weakened heart muscle, tooth decay, damage to the esophagus Binge Eating Disorder- without the purging

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Elements of Emotion Emotion - the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of thoughts and feelings. Display rules - learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion James-Lange theory of emotion - theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. Express an emotion, then feel it “I am shaking, oh no, it’s a cougar! I am afraid!” Fear followed your bodies response Cougar – Arousal – Emotion Stimulus Pounding Heart Fear J-L = Jump then Label

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - theory in which the physiological reaction and the subjective experience of emotion are assumed to occur at the same time by the thalamus. Fight or flight response to danger “Oh no, it’s a cougar! I am shaking and I am afraid!” Arousal (Pounding Heart) Cougar = + Emotion (Fear)

Two Factor Theory of Emotion Schacter’s Two Factor theory – theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the cognitive labeling (appraisal) of that physiological arousal based on cues from the environment (situation) must occur before the emotion is experienced. Emotions can feel the same but they change based upon situation Critique: when strong arousal is experienced without an obvious cause, that arousal is interpreted as negative Also called the Cognitive Arousal theory or The Schacter-Singer theory Arousal (Pounding Heart) Cougar = + = Emotion (Fear) Cognitive Label(I’m afraid)

Emotion and the ANS Autonomic Nervous System mobilizes your body for action and calms it down Sympathetic system releases epinepherine and norepinepherine, the liver increases sugar in the blood, respiration increases, digestion decreases, pupils dilate, perspiration increases Parasympatheitc system takes over when the emotion subsides.

Emotion and the brain Negative emotions are linked to the right side while positive emotions are linked to the left. The Singer and Schacter study showed how we interpret and label our state of arousal will reflect in our emotional experience. (arousal fuels emotion, cognition channels it) A stirred up state can be experienced in one emotion or another depending on how we interpret it Example: Fear, Anger, Sexual Excitement

Brain’s shortcut for emotion In the two track brain, sensory input may be routed directly to the amygdala for an instant emotional reaction, OR to the cortex for analysis. Ex. We see a shadow and get alarmed only to realize it is something harmless. (speedy low road vs. thinking high road)

Brain’s shortcut for emotion

Detecting Emotion Humans are good at detecting emotions of others by listening to their voice and watching their facial muscles. It is easy to misread electronic communication due to the absence of nonverbal cues. Women have a stronger ability to read nonverbal cues and respond with more emotion to situations than men More likely to express empathy

There is a set of emotional expressions universal to the human species Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cross cultural researchers have found that particular emotions produce a distinct pattern of activity in the autonomic nervous system. There is a set of emotional expressions universal to the human species “Everyone smiles in the same language”

Universal Expressions- Paul Ekman Happy Sadness Surprise Anger Disgust Fear

Facial Feedback Hypothesis Facial feedback hypothesis - theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion. Smiling induces happy feelings Emotions are contagious Behavior Feedback- smile vs. frown

Function of fear Fear is adaptive. Learning to fear is a natural process Human fear is regulated by the amygdala, which associates certain situations and object with fear/danger. Phobias= intense fears out of proportion to the danger they actually represent, that disrupts a persons ability to cope.

In an emergency… Your ANS (autonomic nervous system) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. In an emergency… Your ANS (autonomic nervous system) 1. signals the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinehprine (decrease swelling and increase blood pressure) 2. spleen releases more red corpuscles to aid in clotting 3. sugar is released from the liver into the blood

Is “venting” a typical response to anger? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fried Green Tomatoes What makes us angry? Is “venting” a typical response to anger? How does venting affect the character in the movie? What’s the best way to handle anger?

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Anger Processed in different ways: boys-walking away from situation or exercise, girls-talk it out with a friend, music writing Chronic Anger linked to heart disease Catharsis- belief that we can vent our anger out, relief achieved after experiencing emotion (temporarily calming if does not leave us feeling guilty or anxious)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Happiness Feel-good, do-good phenomena- doing good deeds causes us to feel good which increases happiness/ when we feel happy, more likely to help others Ex. Volunteering, donate money, pick up someone’s dropped papers Subjective well-being- our feelings of happiness or sense of satisfaction with life. (part of how we measure quality of life).