IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE”

I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( )

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) A. FIGURE OF GREAT CONTROVERSY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) A. FIGURE OF GREAT CONTROVERSY B. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT LARGELY NEGATIVE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) A. FIGURE OF GREAT CONTROVERSY B. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT LARGELY NEGATIVE 1. IN GENERAL SEEN AS CRUEL TYRANT AT BEST OR INSANE AT WORST

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) A. FIGURE OF GREAT CONTROVERSY B. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT LARGELY NEGATIVE 1. IN GENERAL SEEN AS CRUEL TYRANT AT BEST OR INSANE AT WORST 2. BUT EVEN HIS EPITHET OF “TERRIBLE” IS SOMEWHAT MISLEADING

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) A. FIGURE OF GREAT CONTROVERSY B. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT LARGELY NEGATIVE 1. IN GENERAL SEEN AS CRUEL TYRANT AT BEST OR INSANE AT WORST 2. BUT EVEN HIS EPITHET OF “TERRIBLE” IS SOMEWHAT MISLEADING a. RUSSIAN GROZNY BETTER TRANSLATED AS “AWE- INSPIRING”

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) A. FIGURE OF GREAT CONTROVERSY B. HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT LARGELY NEGATIVE 1. IN GENERAL SEEN AS CRUEL TYRANT AT BEST OR INSANE AT WORST 2. BUT EVEN HIS EPITHET OF “TERRIBLE” IS SOMEWHAT MISLEADING a. RUSSIAN GROZNY BETTER TRANSLATED AS “AWE- INSPIRING” b. HAS CONNOTATIONS OF RESPECT FROM FEAR RATHER THAN MONSTROSITY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) C. MANY HISTORIANS SPLIT IN 2 CAMPS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) C. MANY HISTORIANS SPLIT IN 2 CAMPS 1. THOSE WHO CONDEMN HIM OUTRIGHT FOR CRUELTY, OPPRESSION, AND SENSELESS BLOODSHED

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) C. MANY HISTORIANS SPLIT IN 2 CAMPS 1. THOSE WHO CONDEMN HIM OUTRIGHT FOR CRUELTY, OPPRESSION, AND SENSELESS BLOODSHED a. SOME DESCRIBE HIM AS PATHOLOGICALLY MAD, DWELLING ON HIS TORTURE OF OTHER PEOPLE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) C. MANY HISTORIANS SPLIT IN 2 CAMPS 1. THOSE WHO CONDEMN HIM OUTRIGHT FOR CRUELTY, OPPRESSION, AND SENSELESS BLOODSHED a. SOME DESCRIBE HIM AS PATHOLOGICALLY MAD, DWELLING ON HIS TORTURE OF OTHER PEOPLE b. POSITIVE RESULTS OF HIS REIGN DUE TO INFLUENCE OF FIRST WIFE ANASTASIA AND ADVISORS ON CHOSEN COUNCIL, SYLVESTER AND ADASHEV

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) C. MANY HISTORIANS SPLIT IN 2 CAMPS 1. THOSE WHO CONDEMN HIM OUTRIGHT FOR CRUELTY, OPPRESSION, AND SENSELESS BLOODSHED a. SOME DESCRIBE HIM AS PATHOLOGICALLY MAD, DWELLING ON HIS TORTURE OF OTHER PEOPLE b. POSITIVE RESULTS OF HIS REIGN DUE TO INFLUENCE OF FIRST WIFE ANASTASIA AND ADVISORS ON CHOSEN COUNCIL, SYLVESTER AND ADASHEV 2. THOSE WHO REGARD HIS EFFORTS AS MORE POSITIVE AND RATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PROCESS OF STATE-BUILDING

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) C. MANY HISTORIANS SPLIT IN 2 CAMPS 1. THOSE WHO CONDEMN HIM OUTRIGHT FOR CRUELTY, OPPRESSION, AND SENSELESS BLOODSHED a. SOME DESCRIBE HIM AS PATHOLOGICALLY MAD, DWELLING ON HIS TORTURE OF OTHER PEOPLE b. POSITIVE RESULTS OF HIS REIGN DUE TO INFLUENCE OF FIRST WIFE ANASTASIA AND ADVISORS ON CHOSEN COUNCIL, SYLVESTER AND ADASHEV 2. THOSE WHO REGARD HIS EFFORTS AS MORE POSITIVE AND RATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PROCESS OF STATE-BUILDING a. DEFEND IVAN’S EXTREME ACTIONS AS NEEDED TO CONTROL TURBULENT AND FRACTIOUS BOYARS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS 1. THE “GOOD” PERIOD – UP TO 1560 & DEATH OF WIFE ANASTASIA

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS 1. THE “GOOD” PERIOD – UP TO 1560 & DEATH OF WIFE ANASTASIA 2. THE “BAD” PERIOD – DURING WHICH HE SEEMED TO HAVE LOST EMOTIONAL BALANCE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS 1. THE “GOOD” PERIOD – UP TO 1560 & DEATH OF WIFE ANASTASIA 2. THE “BAD” PERIOD – DURING WHICH HE SEEMED TO HAVE LOST EMOTIONAL BALANCE E. HE WAS STALIN’S FAVORITE TSAR

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS 1. THE “GOOD” PERIOD – UP TO 1560 & DEATH OF WIFE ANASTASIA 2. THE “BAD” PERIOD – DURING WHICH HE SEEMED TO HAVE LOST EMOTIONAL BALANCE E. HE WAS STALIN’S FAVORITE TSAR 1. DURING STALINST PERIOD, SOME HISTORIANS PROCLAIMED IVAN AS A NATIONAL HERO

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS 1. THE “GOOD” PERIOD – UP TO 1560 & DEATH OF WIFE ANASTASIA 2. THE “BAD” PERIOD – DURING WHICH HE SEEMED TO HAVE LOST EMOTIONAL BALANCE E. HE WAS STALIN’S FAVORITE TSAR 1. DURING STALINST PERIOD, SOME HISTORIANS PROCLAIMED IVAN AS A NATIONAL HERO 2. PRAISED HIS EFFORTS IN BUILDING STATE POWER AND CENTRALIZING AUTHORITY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) D. SOME SCHOLARS SPLIT HIS RULE INTO 2 PERIODS 1. THE “GOOD” PERIOD – UP TO 1560 & DEATH OF WIFE ANASTASIA 2. THE “BAD” PERIOD – DURING WHICH HE SEEMED TO HAVE LOST EMOTIONAL BALANCE E. HE WAS STALIN’S FAVORITE TSAR 1. DURING STALINST PERIOD, SOME HISTORIANS PROCLAIMED IVAN AS A NATIONAL HERO 2. PRAISED HIS EFFORTS IN BUILDING STATE POWER AND CENTRALIZING AUTHORITY 3. BUT AFTER STALIN’S DEATH, HIS RULE WAS ASSESSED MORE CRITICALLY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE”

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN a. CREATION OF NEW LAW CODE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN a. CREATION OF NEW LAW CODE b. ZEMSKII SOBOR (ADVISORY COUNCIL)

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN a. CREATION OF NEW LAW CODE b. ZEMSKII SOBOR (ADVISORY COUNCIL) c. STRELTSY (PALACE GUARD)

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN a. CREATION OF NEW LAW CODE b. ZEMSKII SOBOR (ADVISORY COUNCIL) c. STRELTSY (PALACE GUARD) 3. ALSO POSITIVE ABOUT HIS FOREIGN POLICY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN a. CREATION OF NEW LAW CODE b. ZEMSKII SOBOR (ADVISORY COUNCIL) c. STRELTSY (PALACE GUARD) 3. ALSO POSITIVE ABOUT HIS FOREIGN POLICY a. CONQUEST OF KAZAN AND ASTRAKHAN

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 1. OFTEN PORTRAYED AS “HERO OF THE PEOPLE” 2. MOST FAVORABLE IMPRESSIONS CENTER ON DOMESTIC REFORMS OF EARLY PART OF HIS REIGN a. CREATION OF NEW LAW CODE b. ZEMSKII SOBOR (ADVISORY COUNCIL) c. STRELTSY (PALACE GUARD) 3. ALSO POSITIVE ABOUT HIS FOREIGN POLICY a. CONQUEST OF KAZAN AND ASTRAKHAN b. ANNEXATION OF SIBERIA

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 4. SOME EVEN PRAISE CREATION OF OPRICHNINA

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 4. SOME EVEN PRAISE CREATION OF OPRICHNINA

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 4. SOME EVEN PRAISE CREATION OF OPRICHNINA a. COMMON PEOPLE INTERPRETED IT AS BEING DIRECTED CLASS ENEMIES – BOYARS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 4. SOME EVEN PRAISE CREATION OF OPRICHNINA a. COMMON PEOPLE INTERPRETED IT AS BEING DIRECTED CLASS ENEMIES – BOYARS b. INDICATED TSAR’S SYMPATHY FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 4. SOME EVEN PRAISE CREATION OF OPRICHNINA a. COMMON PEOPLE INTERPRETED IT AS BEING DIRECTED CLASS ENEMIES – BOYARS b. INDICATED TSAR’S SYMPATHY FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE 5. TERROR ALSO DIRECTED AGAINST TRAITORS AND ENEMIES OF RUSSIA, REAL OR IMAGINED

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) F. REPRESENTATION OF IVAN IN FOLKLORE OFTEN POSITIVE 4. SOME EVEN PRAISE CREATION OF OPRICHNINA a. COMMON PEOPLE INTERPRETED IT AS BEING DIRECTED CLASS ENEMIES – BOYARS b. INDICATED TSAR’S SYMPATHY FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE 5. TERROR ALSO DIRECTED AGAINST TRAITORS AND ENEMIES OF RUSSIA, REAL OR IMAGINED a. SAW IVAN AS ACTING IN WHAT HE THOUGHT WERE BEST INTERESTS AND DEFENSE OF STATE AND OF RUSSIA 6. BUT SOME FOLKLORE PORTRAYALS NEGATIVE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) G. IVAN IV PLAYED ACTIVE PART IN THE CREATION OF HIS OWN SELF-IMAGE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) G. IVAN IV PLAYED ACTIVE PART IN THE CREATION OF HIS OWN SELF-IMAGE 1. HAD HABIT OF TURNING TO CROWD FOR APPROVAL OF HIS ACTIONS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) G. IVAN IV PLAYED ACTIVE PART IN THE CREATION OF HIS OWN SELF-IMAGE 1. HAD HABIT OF TURNING TO CROWD FOR APPROVAL OF HIS ACTIONS 2. HE CONSCIOUSLY WORKED TO CREATE AND SUSTAIN IMAGE AS “THE PEOPLE’S CHAMPION”

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” I. IMAGES OF IVAN IV ( ) G. IVAN IV PLAYED ACTIVE PART IN THE CREATION OF HIS OWN SELF-IMAGE 1. HAD HABIT OF TURNING TO CROWD FOR APPROVAL OF HIS ACTIONS 2. HE CONSCIOUSLY WORKED TO CREATE AND SUSTAIN IMAGE AS “THE PEOPLE’S CHAMPION” 3. WOULD REPENT PUBLICALLY FOR OVER-HASTY JUDGEMENTS OR LOSS OF HIS VIOLENT TEMPER, AND OTHER MISTAKES

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN A. CONTEMPORARY SOURCES SPARSE AND UNRELIABLE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN A. CONTEMPORARY SOURCES SPARSE AND UNRELIABLE 1. RUSSIAN CHRONICLES STRANGELY SILENT ABOUT HIS REIGN

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN A. CONTEMPORARY SOURCES SPARSE AND UNRELIABLE 1. RUSSIAN CHRONICLES STRANGELY SILENT ABOUT HIS REIGN 2. MANY ACCOUNTS BY FOREIGNERS HOSTILE TO HIM

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN A. CONTEMPORARY SOURCES SPARSE AND UNRELIABLE 1. RUSSIAN CHRONICLES STRANGELY SILENT ABOUT HIS REIGN 2. MANY ACCOUNTS BY FOREIGNERS HOSTILE TO HIM B. MANY WRITINGS, BOTH CONTEMPORARY AND THOSE AFTER, IMBUED WITH MUCH EMOTION

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN A. CONTEMPORARY SOURCES SPARSE AND UNRELIABLE 1. RUSSIAN CHRONICLES STRANGELY SILENT ABOUT HIS REIGN 2. MANY ACCOUNTS BY FOREIGNERS HOSTILE TO HIM B. MANY WRITINGS, BOTH CONTEMPORARY AND THOSE AFTER, IMBUED WITH MUCH EMOTION C. ESTIMATES OF IVAN’S CHARACTER AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS HAVE FLUCTUATED WILDLY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA 2. COULD BE INTENSELY RELIGIOUS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA 2. COULD BE INTENSELY RELIGIOUS 3. HE WAS INTELLIGENT, WELL-READ, HAD VERY GOOD MEMORY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA 2. COULD BE INTENSELY RELIGIOUS 3. HE WAS INTELLIGENT, WELL-READ, HAD VERY GOOD MEMORY E. BUT ALONG WITH THIS IMPRESSIVE IMAGE, MANY NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA 2. COULD BE INTENSELY RELIGIOUS 3. HE WAS INTELLIGENT, WELL-READ, HAD VERY GOOD MEMORY E. BUT ALONG WITH THIS IMPRESSIVE IMAGE, MANY NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS 1. HAD SHARP TEMPER - QUICK TO BE ANGERED AND INCLINED TOWARD VIOLENT REACTIONS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA 2. COULD BE INTENSELY RELIGIOUS 3. HE WAS INTELLIGENT, WELL-READ, HAD VERY GOOD MEMORY E. BUT ALONG WITH THIS IMPRESSIVE IMAGE, MANY NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS 1. HAD SHARP TEMPER - QUICK TO BE ANGERED AND INCLINED TOWARD VIOLENT REACTIONS 2. ACCOUNTS FULL OF TALES OF SADISTIC CRUELTY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN D. ALL OBSERVERS AGREE HE WAS IMPOSING FIGURE 1. PRESIDED OVER COURT CEREMONY IN MAGNIFICENT REGALIA 2. COULD BE INTENSELY RELIGIOUS 3. HE WAS INTELLIGENT, WELL-READ, HAD VERY GOOD MEMORY E. BUT ALONG WITH THIS IMPRESSIVE IMAGE, MANY NEGATIVE CHARACTERISTICS 1. HAD SHARP TEMPER - QUICK TO BE ANGERED AND INCLINED TOWARD VIOLENT REACTIONS 2. ACCOUNTS FULL OF TALES OF SADISTIC CRUELTY 3. SOME GROSS EXAGGERATIONS, OTHERS TRUE (SUCH AS MURDER OF HIS SON)

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” II. REAL PICTURE OF IVAN HARD TO OBTAIN F. OVERALL, SEEN AS A STRONG-WILLED, OFTEN CRUEL MAN WHO EXCERSIZED REAL POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN MUSCOVY, FOR GOOD AND FOR ILL

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS 1. SUFFERING LED HIM TO TAKE MEDICATION FOR PAIN AND MADE HIM SHORT-TEMPERED

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS 1. SUFFERING LED HIM TO TAKE MEDICATION FOR PAIN AND MADE HIM SHORT-TEMPERED 2. SOME SURMISE HE HAD SYPHALLIS – WHICH CAN CAUSE INSANITY AS IT PROGRESSES

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS 1. SUFFERING LED HIM TO TAKE MEDICATION FOR PAIN AND MADE HIM SHORT-TEMPERED 2. SOME SURMISE HE HAD SYPHALLIS – WHICH CAN CAUSE INSANITY AS IT PROGRESSES B. MUCH PSYCHO-ANALYSIS DONE BY THOSE FASCINATED BY HIS PERSONALITY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS 1. SUFFERING LED HIM TO TAKE MEDICATION FOR PAIN AND MADE HIM SHORT-TEMPERED 2. SOME SURMISE HE HAD SYPHALLIS – WHICH CAN CAUSE INSANITY AS IT PROGRESSES B. MUCH PSYCHO-ANALYSIS DONE BY THOSE FASCINATED BY HIS PERSONALITY 1. CHILDHOOD USED TO PROVIDE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR CRUELTY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS 1. SUFFERING LED HIM TO TAKE MEDICATION FOR PAIN AND MADE HIM SHORT-TEMPERED 2. SOME SURMISE HE HAD SYPHALLIS – WHICH CAN CAUSE INSANITY AS IT PROGRESSES B. MUCH PSYCHO-ANALYSIS DONE BY THOSE FASCINATED BY HIS PERSONALITY 1. CHILDHOOD USED TO PROVIDE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR CRUELTY a. BECAME TSAR AT YOUNG AGE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN A. MAN OF IMPOSING STATURE BUT SUFFERED FROM DEFORMITY OF SPINE IN LATER YEARS 1. SUFFERING LED HIM TO TAKE MEDICATION FOR PAIN AND MADE HIM SHORT-TEMPERED 2. SOME SURMISE HE HAD SYPHALLIS – WHICH CAN CAUSE INSANITY AS IT PROGRESSES B. MUCH PSYCHO-ANALYSIS DONE BY THOSE FASCINATED BY HIS PERSONALITY 1. CHILDHOOD USED TO PROVIDE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS FOR CRUELTY a. BECAME TSAR AT YOUNG AGE b. BUT REAL POWER IN HANDS OF GROUP OF BOYARS WHO TREATED HIM BADLY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD d. ALSO WITNESSED VIOLENT ACTS, TORTURE, EXECUTIONS, AND HIS OWN MOTHER PROBABLY POISONED BY ENEMIES AT COURT

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD d. ALSO WITNESSED VIOLENT ACTS, TORTURE, EXECUTIONS, AND HIS OWN MOTHER PROBABLY POISONED BY ENEMIES AT COURT e. LIKED TO PARTICIPATE IN VIOLENT ACTIVITIES

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD d. ALSO WITNESSED VIOLENT ACTS, TORTURE, EXECUTIONS, AND HIS OWN MOTHER PROBABLY POISONED BY ENEMIES AT COURT e. LIKED TO PARTICIPATE IN VIOLENT ACTIVITIES C. OTHERS REJECT PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD d. ALSO WITNESSED VIOLENT ACTS, TORTURE, EXECUTIONS, AND HIS OWN MOTHER PROBABLY POISONED BY ENEMIES AT COURT e. LIKED TO PARTICIPATE IN VIOLENT ACTIVITIES C. OTHERS REJECT PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS 1. NOT CONVINCED HIS CHILDHOOD WAS SO BAD

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD d. ALSO WITNESSED VIOLENT ACTS, TORTURE, EXECUTIONS, AND HIS OWN MOTHER PROBABLY POISONED BY ENEMIES AT COURT e. LIKED TO PARTICIPATE IN VIOLENT ACTIVITIES C. OTHERS REJECT PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS 1. NOT CONVINCED HIS CHILDHOOD WAS SO BAD 2. VERY FEW SOURCES ON TOPIC – MOSTLY WHAT IVAN HIMSELF WROTE MANY YEARS LATER

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN c. WITNESSED BITTER QUARRELS AND STUGGLES BETWEEN RIVAL FACTIONS IN ROYAL HOUSEHOLD d. ALSO WITNESSED VIOLENT ACTS, TORTURE, EXECUTIONS, AND HIS OWN MOTHER PROBABLY POISONED BY ENEMIES AT COURT e. LIKED TO PARTICIPATE IN VIOLENT ACTIVITIES C. OTHERS REJECT PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS 1. NOT CONVINCED HIS CHILDHOOD WAS SO BAD 2. VERY FEW SOURCES ON TOPIC – MOSTLY WHAT IVAN HIMSELF WROTE MANY YEARS LATER 3. LATER, COMMENTATORS EXAGGERATED THINGS AND BLEW THEM OUT OF PROPORTION

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN D. DOES SEEM LIKELY THAT HE WAS PARANOID AND SOMEWHAT UNBALANCED

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN D. DOES SEEM LIKELY THAT HE WAS PARANOID AND SOMEWHAT UNBALANCED

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN D. DOES SEEM LIKELY THAT HE WAS PARANOID AND SOMEWHAT UNBALANCED 1. HAD FEELINGS OF PERSECUTION

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” III. IVAN THE MAN D. DOES SEEM LIKELY THAT HE WAS PARANOID AND SOMEWHAT UNBALANCED 1. HAD FEELINGS OF PERSECUTION 2. GIVEN TO FITS OF WILD RAGE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE 1. CONTEND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WOULD HAVE BEEN MOSTLY THE SAME WITHOUT HIM

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE 1. CONTEND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WOULD HAVE BEEN MOSTLY THE SAME WITHOUT HIM 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS WERE MORE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING RUSSIA’S PATH

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE 1. CONTEND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WOULD HAVE BEEN MOSTLY THE SAME WITHOUT HIM 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS WERE MORE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING RUSSIA’S PATH B. MANY NON-MARXISTS AGREE WITH THIS BUT SAY PROCESS MAY HAVE BEEN LESS DESTRUCTIVE

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE 1. CONTEND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WOULD HAVE BEEN MOSTLY THE SAME WITHOUT HIM 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS WERE MORE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING RUSSIA’S PATH B. MANY NON-MARXISTS AGREE WITH THIS BUT SAY PROCESS MAY HAVE BEEN LESS DESTRUCTIVE C. SOME EVEN SAY HE WAS RESPONDING TO POPULAR DEMAND TO CREATE STRONG CENTRALIZED STATE AND LIMIT POWER OF NOBILITY

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE 1. CONTEND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WOULD HAVE BEEN MOSTLY THE SAME WITHOUT HIM 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS WERE MORE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING RUSSIA’S PATH B. MANY NON-MARXISTS AGREE WITH THIS BUT SAY PROCESS MAY HAVE BEEN LESS DESTRUCTIVE C. SOME EVEN SAY HE WAS RESPONDING TO POPULAR DEMAND TO CREATE STRONG CENTRALIZED STATE AND LIMIT POWER OF NOBILITY 1. BUT HIS SPREAD OF SERFDOM DOES NOT SUPPORT THIS – HIS LAWS GAVE RICH MUCH POWER OVER POOR

IVAN IV “THE TERRIBLE” IV. IVAN’S PLACE IN HISTORY A. MARXIST HISTORIANS DOWNPLAY HIS ROLE 1. CONTEND DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA WOULD HAVE BEEN MOSTLY THE SAME WITHOUT HIM 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS WERE MORE IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING RUSSIA’S PATH B. MANY NON-MARXISTS AGREE WITH THIS BUT SAY PROCESS MAY HAVE BEEN LESS DESTRUCTIVE C. SOME EVEN SAY HE WAS RESPONDING TO POPULAR DEMAND TO CREATE STRONG CENTRALIZED STATE AND LIMIT POWER OF NOBILITY 1. BUT HIS SPREAD OF SERFDOM DOES NOT SUPPORT THIS – HIS LAWS GAVE RICH MUCH POWER OVER POOR 2. DESTRUCTION OF NOVGOROD ALSO CRITICIZED