First Aid Borys Lokay

Road accidents Natural disasters Plane accidentsTrain accidents Earth quakes

Floods & tsunami

Avalanches

Hurricanes & tornadoes

What to do in an emergency? 1. Assess the situation - DO NOT PUT YOURSELF IN DANGER! Check the scene for hazards and unsafe conditions (hazardous material, unstable ground or vehicles, violence, falling, rockfall, severe cold exposure, flooding etc.). Train yourself to look for hazards at an accident scene Check the scene for hazards and unsafe conditions (hazardous material, unstable ground or vehicles, violence, falling, rockfall, severe cold exposure, flooding etc.). Train yourself to look for hazards at an accident scene Can you make the scene safe or do you require help? (police, power company, gas company, HazMat etc.) Can you make the scene safe or do you require help? (police, power company, gas company, HazMat etc.)

Can you stabilize the equipment or machinery? Can you stabilize the equipment or machinery? The accident Scene MUST BE SAFE FOR YOU The accident Scene MUST BE SAFE FOR YOU You can’t help anyone if you become a victim! You can’t help anyone if you become a victim! What to do in an emergency?

2. Make the area safe 3. Assess all casualties and attend first to any unconscious casualties 4. Send for help - do not delay 5. Start to provide first aid for the victims What to do in an emergency? Start first aid only after ensuring safety (the victim's AND yours) “A dead rescuer never did anyone any good”

Universal Precautions (BSI) Body Substance Isolation Body Substance Isolation Latex or Vinyl Gloves Latex or Vinyl Gloves One Way Breathing Mask One Way Breathing Mask Eye protection Eye protection Why? Why? HIV / AIDS HIV / AIDS HBV HBV Do not dismiss U.P. because you know the person

STEP 1: PRIMARY SURVEY Does the person respond? Tap or gently shake the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you OK?". Of course, if you ask a victim 'Are you alright?' and get a 'No, dammit, I think I've broken my ankle' then you can guess that airway and breathing are OK and he/she is conscious Does the person respond? Tap or gently shake the victim. Shout loudly, "Are you OK?". Of course, if you ask a victim 'Are you alright?' and get a 'No, dammit, I think I've broken my ankle' then you can guess that airway and breathing are OK and he/she is conscious If there is no response, your priorities are to: If there is no response, your priorities are to: shout for help/call emergency; shout for help/call emergency; check for signs of life (ABC - Airways, Breathing, Circulation) without moving the victim check for signs of life (ABC - Airways, Breathing, Circulation) without moving the victim if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up carefully, trying to keep his/her head and neck on one axis with torso if it’s impossibly, turn the victim face up carefully, trying to keep his/her head and neck on one axis with torso

A B C A (Airway) To open the airway:  place your hand on the casualty's forehead and gently tilt the head back;  lift the chin with two fingertips B (Breathing) Look, listen and feel for normal breathing from 3 to 5 seconds:  look for chest movement;  listen at the casualty's mouth for breath sounds;  feel for air on your cheek

A B C B (Breathing) If you can’t determine any signs of breathing:  make 2 rescue breathings, observing the chest’s moving  if you feel that the air doesn’t pass into victim’s lungs, it means that airways are obstructed C (Circulation) Carotid Pulse, 5 to 10 Seconds

Recovery position If the victim is unresponsive, has an open airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn the victim onto his or her side (recovery position) with the victim's hand in front If the victim is unresponsive, has an open airway, and is breathing spontaneously, turn the victim onto his or her side (recovery position) with the victim's hand in front Be aware of the potential for nerve and vessel injury if the victim lies on one arm for a prolonged period; it may be necessary to roll the victim to the other side Be aware of the potential for nerve and vessel injury if the victim lies on one arm for a prolonged period; it may be necessary to roll the victim to the other side

If victim’s airways are obstructed:  kneel, striding the victim’s hips;  place one hand on top of the other between the navel and the rib cage;  give 5 abdominal thrusts (from behind to forward and from the top to down) to dislodge any object blocking the airway (if the victim is a pregnant woman you have to give 5 thrusts on sternum);  remove obstructing material;  check for breathing;  if you detect no signs of breathing begin rescue breathing again;  repeat this actions till the airways becomes passable;  recheck the pulse every minute  if the victim has the pulse, provide rescue breathings till he/she begins breathe independently;  as soon as breathing returns, place the person in the recovery position  if the victim’s heart doesn’t beat start the CPR IMMEDIATELY after the airways becomes passable

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)  tilt the head back, lift the chin with two fingertips  make 2 rescue breathings  place the heel of one hand on the sternum approximately 2 cm above of xiphoid process and the heel of the other one directly on top of the first  with your arms straight, lean over the person and press straight down on the breastbone so it goes down 4-5 cm. After the each compression, allow the chest rise completely before repeating  make 30 chest compressions at the rate of 100 per minute

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 minutes Check for presence of breathing and pulse every 2-3 minutes Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the person takes the breath or starts to move, or until you are too exhausted to continue Repeat all cycle until emergency help arrives, or the person takes the breath or starts to move, or until you are too exhausted to continue When breathing and heart beating returns, place the person in recovery position When breathing and heart beating returns, place the person in recovery position

There are few differences between CPR for adults, for children from 1 to 8 years old and for infants less than 1 year: CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old: CPR for children from 1 to 8 years old: you place on the breastbone the heel of ONE hand and perform compressions on the depth of 3 cm you place on the breastbone the heel of ONE hand and perform compressions on the depth of 3 cm rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults (app. 2/3 – 1/2 of adult’s lung capacity) rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults (app. 2/3 – 1/2 of adult’s lung capacity) CPR for infants less than 1 year: CPR for infants less than 1 year: you place on the breastbone only 2 fingers 1 cm below the line between the nipples and perform compressions on the depth of 2 cm you place on the breastbone only 2 fingers 1 cm below the line between the nipples and perform compressions on the depth of 2 cm rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and children (app. 1/3 – 1/4 of adult’s lung capacity) rescue breathing must be not so deep as for adults and children (app. 1/3 – 1/4 of adult’s lung capacity) Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

CPR for children

CPR for infants

Choking Choking occurs when food or a foreign object obstructs the throat and interferes with normal breathing. If the victim can speak or cough forcibly and is getting sufficient air, do not interfere with his attempts to cough the obstruction from his throat. If victim cannot speak or is not getting sufficient air, have someone call emergency while you perform abdominal thrusts

Choking (Heimlich maneuver) Stand directly behind the victim and wrap your arms around his stomach Make a fist with one hand and place that fist just above the navel and well below the ribs, with the thumb and forefinger side toward you

Choking Grasp this fist with the other hand and pull it quickly toward you with an inward and slightly upward thrust. Repeat if necessary If the victim becomes unconscious:  Lay the victim on his back  If the object is visible, use your forefinger to reach deeply into the victim's mouth (along the inside of the cheek) and try to sweep the obstruction out of the victim's throat. (This step should be performed only on someone 9 years of age or older)  Even if this is not successful, attempt rescue breathing  If rescue breathing is not working due to the obstruction, sit straddling the victim's thighs and perform abdominal thrusts by pushing onto the victim above the naval below the ribs with the heel of the hand five times from this position

Choking (for infants)  Place the victim's head in a downward position on the rescuer's forearm with the head and neck stabilized  With the heel of the rescuer's hand, administer five rapid back blows between the victim's shoulder blades  If the obstruction remains, turn the victim face up and rest on a firm surface  Deliver five rapid thrusts over the breastbone using two fingers  If the victim is still not breathing normally, administer mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as specified for an infant  Repeat the above steps as necessary. If the obstruction cannot be removed, call for medical help immediately

Severe bleeding  Apply direct pressure to the wound  Manual pressure on gauze or other cloth placed over the bleeding source. If bleeding continues, do not remove the gauze; add more gauze on top and apply more pressure  An elastic bandage firmly wrapped over gauze to hold it in place with pressure  Raise and support the injured part (unless broken)  If the bleeding is very serious, apply pressure to the nearest major pressure point. Only use the pressure points if elevation and direct pressure haven't controlled the bleeding  Never use a tourniquet except in response to an extreme emergency, such as a amputated arm or leg

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