The Brain! IIA-3.1 Identify the structure and function of the major regions of the brain. IIA-3.2 Recognize that specific functions are centered in specific lobes of the cerebral cortex.

Brainstem Pons : mass of nerve fibers serves as a bridge between the medulla and midbrain above it. associated with face sensation and movement. Medulla : located at the base of the brain stem controls many of the mechanisms necessary for life, such as heartbeat, blood pressure and breathing.

Lymbic System

Thalamus a major relay center to the cortex for all sensations except for smell. transmits visual information, and the medial geniculate nucleus, which transmits auditory information.

Reticular Formation aids in regulation of the sleep-wake cycle as well as the level of arousal when awake.

Cerebellum The cerebellum controls balance and coordination where learned movements are stored. receives input from many parts of the brain regarding pressure on the limbs, limb movement, and the position of the limbs in space.

Amygdala associated with forming complex emotional responses, particularly involving aggression.

Hypothalamus controls many functions including hunger, thirst, pain, pleasure and the sex drive regulate the pituitary gland, which in turn, regulates hormonal levels in the body.

Motor Cortex process and transmit information regarding body movement coordinates movement.

Sensory Cortex sensations, such as touch and pressure, are felt. spatial orientation and information processing.

Cerebral Cortex Separated into 4 different sections Separated into 4 different sections Frontal Lobe – behind forehead Frontal Lobe – behind forehead Parietal lobes – top and to the rear Parietal lobes – top and to the rear Occipital lobes – back of your head Occipital lobes – back of your head Temporal lobes – behind your ears Temporal lobes – behind your ears Function of the Cortex Function of the Cortex Motor functions Motor functions Sensory functions Sensory functions Association areas Association areas language language

Temporal Lobe auditory processing and memory

Occipital Lobe Process visual information from the eyes

Association Area Area of the central cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. Area of the central cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions. Involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information Involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking, and integrating information “we only use 10 percent of our brain” “we only use 10 percent of our brain” In the frontal lobe, enables judgment, planning and processing of new memories In the frontal lobe, enables judgment, planning and processing of new memories Can also alter personality Can also alter personality Phineas Gage Phineas Gage Phineas Gage Phineas Gage

Language and the Brain Aphasia – impairment of language, usually caused by the left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or Wernicke's Area Aphasia – impairment of language, usually caused by the left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area or Wernicke's Area Broca’s Area Broca’s Area Controls language expression Controls language expression Area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement in speech Area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement in speech Wernicke's Area Wernicke's Area Controls language reception Controls language reception Usually in the left temporal lobe that involves language comprehension and expression Usually in the left temporal lobe that involves language comprehension and expression

Angular gyrus Involved in reading out loud Involved in reading out loud Receives visual information and recodes which Wernicke’s area gives it meaning. Receives visual information and recodes which Wernicke’s area gives it meaning. Damage to this area will allow the person to speak and understand but unable to read. Damage to this area will allow the person to speak and understand but unable to read.

Pieces to the Puzzle of Language – Reading Aloud 1.Words register in the visual area 2.Relayed to the angular gyrus 3.Transforms the words into auditory code 4.Received and understood in the Wernicke’s Area 5.Sent to Broca’s Area which controls the motor cortex 6.Creates the pronounced word *Key thing to remember, in processing language, the brain operates by dividing the mental functions – speaking, perceiving, thinking, remembering