5. Major Brain Structures from the Bottom-Up 4. 3. 2. 1.

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Presentation transcript:

5. Major Brain Structures from the Bottom-Up 4. 3. 2. 1.

Major Brain Structures from the Bottom Up 1. Myelencephalon: (Hindbrain) Medulla: the most posterior region of the brain stem. Pyramids: carry signals for voluntary movement from the cortex to the motor circuits of the spinal cord. Olives: nuclei connected to the cerebellum Reticular formation: arousal, sleep attention. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

2. Metencephalon: (Hindbrain) Cerebellum: coordination of movement Ataxia- jerky inaccurate movement produced by cerebellar damage. Cerebellar peduncles: connect cerebellum to the rest of the brain stem. Pons: nuclei of cranial nerves 5-8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

3. Mesencephalon: (Midbrain) Superior colliculi: vision Inferior colliculi: audition Red nuclei: sensorimotor Substantia nigra: sensorimotor Periaqueductal gray: (PAG) pain & defensive behavior Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

4. Diencephalon: (Forebrain) A. Thalamus: sensory relay system to the cortex Lateral geniculate: vision Medial geniculate: audition Ventral posterior: somatosensory Internal lamina: white matter Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

4. Diencephalon: (Forebrain) B. Hypothalamus: motivation Ventromedial nuclei: feeding (missing is lateral hypothalamus) Suprachiasmatic nuclei: biological rhythms Mammillary bodies: emotion Preoptic area: sex Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

Posterior pituitary: innervated by the hypothalamus Paraventricular nuclei: a hypothalamic nucleus innervating the posterior pituitary. Supraoptic nuclei: a hypothalamic nucleus innervating the posterior pituitary. Posterior Pituitary Releases: oxytocin & vasopressin. . . Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

Pituitary Gland: Anterior: master gland Releases trophic hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

5. Telencephalon: (Forebrain) Composed of cortical and Subcortical structures: Basal ganglia (Overall role in control of movement, these structures are located lateral to the thalamus) Caudate (tail-like shape). Putamen: The putamen and caudate together are called the striatum (because their appearance is striped). Parkinson’s disease is produced by degeneration of the caudate and putamen. Globus pallidus. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

5. Telencephalon: (Forebrain) Subcortical: Limbic System (motivation & emotion) Amygdala (almond shaped) Different nuclei in the amygdale have different connections, and it can be assigned to both the limbic system (Carlson) as well as the basal ganglia. Hippocampus: (seahorse, memory) Cingulate cortex: (pain, depression) Fornix: (fiber bundle: hippocampus - hypothalamus) Septum: (sex) Mammillary bodies: (hypothalamus – pituitary) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.

Telencephalon (Forebrain) Cortical Structures A. Frontal lobe: motor Premotor context – planning of movement B. Parietal lobe: somatosensory C. Occipital lobe: vision D. Temporal lobe: audition Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.