Darwin (1831) Natural Selection Favorable adaptations to features of the environment allow some members of a species to reproduce more successfully than others Finches Galapagos Islands Survival of the fittest

Genotype Genetic structure from parent

Phenotype Observable characteristics

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Contain genes

Heredity Passing on traits from parent to offspring

Genetics Study of the inheritance of physical + psychological traits from ancestors

Genes Basic units of heredity

Human Behavior Genetics Explore the link between inheritance + behavior

Sociobiology Evolutionary explanation for social behavior + systems

Neuroscience Scientific study of the brain + links to activity + behavior

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Record electric brain activity

Positron-Emissions Tomography (PET) Scans Given “safe” radiation that goes to brain to see activity in brain

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radio waves + magnetic fields to see brain image

Functional MRI MRI + PET

Central Nervous System Composed of neurons Brain + spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System Connect CNS to body periphery

Somatic Nervous System Regulates skeletal, muscles + skin

Autonomic Nervous System Controls body’s involuntary motor responses – Sympathetic = emergency – Parasympathetic = routine internal operations

Nervous System

The Brain Electronic stimulations Broca’s area – Thoughts into speech or sign Lesions – Injuries or dead areas of brain

The Brain Structures Brain Stem – Regulates internal organs – Pons-Bridge-connects spinal cord with brain – Medulla-heart, breathing, blood pressure – Reticular Formation Spinal cord, alerts cerebral cortex – Thalamus Channels incoming sensory information to appropriate area of cerebral cortex – Cerebellum Balance, coordination

Brain Structure - Limbic System Regulates emotional behavior, motivation+memory Body temp., blood pressure, blood sugar 3 structures – Hippocampus Explicit memories – Amygdala Emotions+emotional memory – Hypothalamus Motivated behavior (eating, drink, sex) Keeps bodies homeostasis (balance)

Hypothalamus

Brain Structure - Cerebrum Regulates higher cognitive + emotional functions Cerebral cortex – Outside 1/10 of cerebrum – 2 halves cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum – Separated cerebral hemispheres Mapping – Central sulcus-vertical – Lateral fissures-horizontal

Brain Structure

Cerebrum Cont. Frontal lobe – Motor controls + cognitive activities Parietal Lobe – Sensations (limbs) Touch, pain, temps Occipital lobe – Vision (eyes) Temporal lobe – Hearing (ears) Motor cortex – Voluntary muscle control Approx. 600 Brain Structure

Cerebrum Cont. Somatosensory cortex – Temp, touch, pain (lips, tongue, index finger) Auditory cortex – Both ears/both lobes Visual cortex – Both eyes-retina Association cortex – Planning and decision making Wernicke’s Area – Spoken language

Hemispheric Lateralication Things happen on different sides of brain, + communicate through the corpus callosum i.e.. Left-speech

Endocrine System Network of glands that secrete hormones (chemical messengers). – Growth, mood, sex Pituitary Gland – “Master Gland” Secretes – testosterone - estrogen Other glands – Thyroid, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes

Endocrine System SZ4 SZ4

The Nerve Neuron – Cell to receive, process and transmit information to other cells – Dendrites Branched fibers of neurons that receive incoming signals – Soma – Cell body of a neuron Contain nucleus + cytoplasm Integrates info. – Axon Extended fiber of a neuron, nerve impulses pass soma to terminal buttons – Terminal Buttons Bulblike structure that stimulate glands, muscles or other neurons

Nerve

The Nervous System Glia – Cells that hold nerves together – Remove dead neurons Stops poisons in blood from reaching brain

The Nervous System Excitatory-fire Inhibitory-don’t fire

The Nervous System Action Potential – Nerve impulse released All – or – None Law – Size of potential unaffected by increased intensity Refractionary Period – Rest period-nerve cannot fire Synapse – Gap between one neuron+another – Transmission Neurotransmitters – Chemicals released from one neuron to another – 60 diff. chemicals

The Nervous System 3 major classes of neurons – Sensory- towards (CNS) – Motor-away(CNS) – Interneurons-bridge between neurons