Social Movements 1820’s-1840’s

Waves of religious excitement separated by long periods of religious calm 1740s: FIRST GREAT AWAKENING 1800-1850;s: SECOND GREAT AWAKENING Enthusiasm; controversy; religious experiment. Christian Perfectionism Belief that salvation can lead to a sinless life: “heaven on earth” Millennialism Christ’s return to earth will begin a thousand year reign 2nd Great Awakening

Religion began to influence other ideals such as freedom from cruelty of war, discrimination, intoxicated drinking, and slavery Idealistic religion on a utopian socialism, moral reform, and other ideas came to Christianity 2nd Great Awakening

UNITARIANS Are people free to re-invent Religion? William Ellery Channing developed concept of Unitarian Faith Ralph Waldo Emerson became a Unitarian UNITARIANISM: Rejects “Trinity” (insists on “Unitary” God) Rejects Jesus’ “divinity” Rejects Centrality of Jesus’ Crucifixion & Resurrection Belief was in free will and possibility of salvation through good works Insists on right of individual to mold his or her own religion UNITARIANS

Divisiveness Caused by the Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening widened lines between class and region Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians --> Wealthy classes and better-educated Big Boundary between Northern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists; and Southern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists. This split between North and Southern Faith and ideals in religion was considered the first sign of splitting. Later followed by a split in politics and the Union. Protestants encouraged increase in educational learning and also importance of education in every household Most importantly led to a moral reform movements, especially in the North Divisiveness Caused by the Second Great Awakening

Transcendentalists Who were they? What did they believe? Intellectuals Primarily from New England Middle class What did they believe? Individualism Self-reliance Dissent Non-conformity “transcend” to the ideal world of reality Anti-industrialism Prominent Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe Emily Dickenson Margaret Fuller Transcendentalists

Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo Emerson “behind the concrete world we can transcend to the ideal world of reality” Transcendentalists

Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau Live life simply Chronicled his experiences in Walden Transcendentalists

Transcendentalists The poets Walt Whitman Edgar Allen Poe Emily Dickinson Transcendentalists The poets

Transcendentalists The novelists Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Transcendentalists The novelists

Transcendentalists Margaret Fuller Believed in transcendentalism for all Early advocate for women’s rights Transcendentalists

UTOPIANS Who were they? What did they believe? Transcendentalists looking for the perfect society What did they believe? Communal societies Each person contributes Agricultural communities Resources went to the group Generally religious in nature Education was important Wanted to live life their way Some of the most prominent utopias Brook Farm, Massachusetts Oneida, New York Also included some religious groups Shakers Mormons UTOPIANS

Oneida Complex

Oneida Community

George Ripley’s Transcendentalist Commune

Shaker Beliefs and Practices from Mother Ann Lee Pacificism Celibacy Work Dance Song Collective Ownership Shaker Beliefs and Practices from Mother Ann Lee

Mother Ann Lee

Shaker Communities

1830- Joseph Smith, a visionary, reported an encounter with an angel Deciphered the Book of Mormon from golden plates given to him Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Had leaders that were dedicated to free enterprise Voted as a unit and produced their own militia Moved from New York to Ohio Intended to build “Zion” in western Missouri Expelled from Missouri to Nauvoo, Illinois Joseph Smith arrested; executed by mob Brigham Young becomes the leader Polygamy became a problem for the LDS Movement to Utah - use of irrigation system in desert of Utah Mormonism

Joseph Smith Brigham Young Mormon leaders

Great Mormon Trek Zion in the Wilderness Petitioned for territory of “Deseret” Granted Utah Territory Had to renounce polygamy to earn statehood Successful due to unity and leadership Great Mormon Trek

Millerites Named after William Miller, self-taught Bible Scholar Interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1843. Called the “Great Disappointment” The failure of Jesus to descend on schedule dampened but did not destroy the movement. Determined the event happened in heaven not on earth Seventh Day Adventists Millerites

Women’s Movement Women pursued rights for themselves and others Issues Property ownership Custodial rights Marriage/Divorce rights Legal rights in court Suffrage Other issues Treatment of the less fortunate Temperance Slavery Women’s Movement

Dorothea Dix

The seneca falls convention

The seneca falls convention Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York Advocated equality in Family Education Jobs Religion Morals Issued a “Declaration of Sentiments” (modeled after the Declaration of Independence) The seneca falls convention

SUSAN B. ANTHONY Advocated Women’s suffrage Temperance Abolition of slavery SUSAN B. ANTHONY

Temperance Social movement against the use of alcohol American Temperance Society formed in 1826 Felt it violated religion and morality Was almost exclusively a Protestant issue (not Catholic) Temperance

What does this cartoon mean?

What does this cartoon mean?

What does this cartoon mean?

What does this cartoon mean?

What does this cartoon mean?

What does this cartoon mean?

Dehumanization of industrialism vs. utopian ideals

How are women’s roles changing and how does it impact society?