Contains C, H, and O, generally with a 2:1 ratio of H to O (CH2O),provides much of the energy that the cell requires, include sugars and starches, can be in the form of monosaccharides, dissacharides or polysaccharides Carbohydrates

The most common form of this type of organic molecule is a triglyceride, which is a Glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains; supplies twice as much energy per gram as compared to carbohydrates. Lipids

Chain of Amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Functions include enzymes, transport proteins and receptors in the cell membrane, used to make antibodies and hormones. Translation produces ____________ Protein

Made of Nucleotides. Contains genes that code for proteins. DNA - double-stranded nucleic acid and RNA is single-stranded. Nucleic acids

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution? Water leaves the cell by osmosis and it shrinks.

Which type of transport moves molecules with the concentration gradient, does not require energy? Passive transport

Which type of transport moves molecules against the concentration gradient; requires energy Active transport

Which organelle makes protein? Ribosome

Which organelle produces ATP for the cell to use as energy? Mitochondrion

Controls what enters and leaves the cell by selective permeability. Cell membrane

This is the basic structure of the cell membrane (phosphate heads make the inner and outer surface, fatty acid tails make the interior) Phospholipid bilayer

The synthesis of larger molecules; requires energy Anabolism

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; energy is released when bonds are broken Catabolism

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the____________ Activation energy

This mechanism helps maintain homeostasis by keeping physiological values within a narrow range Negative feedback

The 3 phases of this are: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain. Produces ATP from one molecule of glucose. Cellular respiration

Which phase of cellular respiration is anaerobic? Glycolysis

What is produced from the carbon atoms that are removed from glucose during cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide

When muscle cells are working so hard that they use up all the available oxygen, they switch to_______ Fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

The production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets by the red marrow in spongy bone. Hematpoiesis

Transcription produces ________ RNA

Translation produces __________ Protein

This tissue covers surfaces, and its functions include protection, secretion and absorption. Epithelium

One of the reason’s for smoker’s cough is that these get damaged on the cells that line the trachea and bronchi. Cilia

This forms the epidermis, and also lines the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina and anal canal. Because of its many layers of cells, it protects the underlying tissue. Stratified squamous epithelium

This cell is found in connective tissue and releases heparin and histamine during an inflammatory or allergic reaction. Mast cell

29 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Body cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Diaphragm Pelvic cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal (a) Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Vertebral canal Cranial cavity Thoracic cavity (b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30 Body Regions Otic (ear) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Antebrachial (forearm) Genital (reproductive organs) Cephalic (head) Orbital (eye cavity) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Umbilical (navel) Pedal (foot) Occipital (back of head) Acromial (point of shoulder) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Plantar (sole) (a) (b) Patellar (front of knee) Vertebral (spinal column) Sacral (between hips) Lumbar (lower back) Abdominal (abdomen) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Frontal (forehead) Buccal (cheek) Tarsal (instep) Digital (toe) Axillary (armpit) Crural (leg) Sural (calf) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34 Parts of a Long Bone Epiphysis Distal Proximal Diaphysis Metaphysis Compact bone (cortical bone) Spongy bone (cancellous bone) Articular cartilage Periosteum Endosteum Medullary cavity Trabeculae Bone marrow Red marrow and yellow marrow Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Metaphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis Proximal epiphysis Epiphyseal plates Distal epiphysis Periosteum Yellow marrow Medullary cavity Compact bone Endosteum Space containing red marrow Spongy bone Articular cartilage

Anterior view Posterior view Right Humerus 36

Right radius and ulna, (b) Proximal end of ulna, anterior view lateral view 37

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