“Fascism was not the nursing of a doctrine, it was born of the need for action” - Benito Mussolini

“Nothing above the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state” - Benito Mussolini

3/14/17 “Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands, and an infinite scorn in our hearts.” - Benito Mussolini

“All propaganda has to be popular and has to accommodate itself to the comprehension of the least intelligent of those whom it seeks to reach.” - Adolf Hitler

“Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it.” - Hitler

“He alone, who owns the youth, gains the future.” - Adolf Hitler

4/1/15 The great strength of the totalitarian state is that it forces those who fear it to imitate it. - Adolf Hitler

The Fasces Symbol Comes from the Latin word fasces. Ancient Roman symbol of power and authority Mussolini used it to represent strength in unity

–Nazi Germany Massive state propaganda program was implemented, Nuremberg Rallies Goebbels, as Min. of Truth and Enlightenment, created the “Big Lie” Unacceptable ideas were stamped out – the “Burning of the Books”

Nazi Party –Seats won in the Reichstag  1932 saw a NSDAP plurality

Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution granted the president of the Weimar Republic “emergency decree powers to protect the republic from crises initiated by its opponents on either the left or the right [of the political spectrum]”². One such privilege was the power to suspend the individual liberties of the German people, rights that were guaranteed in the constitution³. Although these powers bestowed upon the president were originally meant to assuage social pains, they eventually became an outlet through which the president could work around Parliament, exercising “wide-ranging legislative powers” ⁴. The Reichstag Fire Feb. 27 th, 1933  One week before elections to be held  Nazis used the fire to enforce a state of emergency  Arrested communists, suppressed the vote.  Gain majority in German Parliament

If public order and security are seriously disturbed or endangered within the Federation, the President…may take all necessary steps for their restoration, intervening, if need be, with the aid of the armed forces. For the said purpose he may suspend for the time being, either wholly or in part, the fundamental rights described in Articles 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 124, and 153…The President…has to inform the Reichstag without delay of any steps taken in virtue of the first and second paragraphs of this article. The measures to be taken are to be withdrawn upon the demand of the Reichstag. Where delay is dangerous a state government may take provisional measures of the kind described in paragraph 2 for its own territory. Such measures are to be withdrawn upon the demand of the President…or of the Reichstag…”¹. Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution

–the Weimar constitution and civil rights were suspended and the Nuremberg Laws enacted later in the 1930s –These included the Civil Service Law and the Preservation of Blood and Honour Laws ARTICLE 2 –A citizen of the Reich may be only one who is of German or kindred blood, and who, through his behavior, shows that he is both desirous and personally fit to serve loyally the German people and the Reich. –German Jews were systematically denied their rights of citizenship and pushed out of the German nation

Hitler Seizes Power Dictatorship begins, March 1933 The Enabling Act: Hitler given authority to make laws without the approval of the Reichstag.

–KRISTALLNACHT -Crystal Night –Nov 9 and 10, 1938 –“The Night of Broken Glass”  “Spontaneous” violence against Jews. 7,500 synagogues, storefronts, homes destroyed as well.

Represented an escalation of violence against Jews