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esophagus gizzard crop intestine stomach rectum cloaca The rectum holds and partially dehydrates waste The cloaca is a single passage area for: digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems Most birds have a crop for holding food to feed offspring. The gizzard assists in mechanical grinding of food. The intestine does: enzymatic digestion subunit uptake

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company In most vertebrates, digestion begins with mastication using teeth Infection of the gums (periodontitis) is associated with endocarditis! In humans, tools (knives, blender, cooking pots) are used to initiate food preparation externally! Human Molar l.s. connective tissue bone

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Dentition may include cutting, tearing, and grinding teeth Juvenile teeth may be replaced by adult teeth cutting tearing grinding Human dentition indicates we are omnivores!

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company snake beaver deer dog Among vertebrates the dentition has functional significance: grasping and angled back for swallowing prey whole muscular lips tear off leaves, molars grind them Huge indeterminate incisors slash into young tree trunks, molars grind plant material large canine teeth and pointed molars (more like canines), designed for tearing animal flesh…minimal grinding of tissue

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company The human digestive system: amylase Not shown: ventilation system connects at glottis in throat (pharynx) peristalsis

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company The movement of food in the digestive tube is by peristalsis

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company The human digestive system: amylase pepsin, HCl bile (emulsifier) trypsin, amylase, H 2 CO 3 (alk), lipase subunit absorption bacterial culture unknown water reabsorption waste holding, elimination acidic portion alkaline portion