The First Years of the War 1861-1863
Take Five… Ft. Sumter is MOST significant for being A) the location of the end of the Civil War. B) destroyed by the Union when taking Port Royal. C) the target of General Sherman's March to the Sea. D) where the first shots of the Civil War were fired.
The Art and Science of War Antoine-Henri Jomini Art of War West Point Position, Maneuver & Concentration High ground Occupying major cities Retreat
The Armies Cavalry Artillery Infantry Corps of Engineers The Quartermaster Corps
The typical battle Advancing through grapeshot Hand to hand combat Smoke and confusion
The soldiers Billy Yank and Johnny Reb Conscription Exemptions Substitutions Riots Draft dodgers Desertion Bounties
Men Present for Duty in the Civil War
Ohio Military Service
Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined
Johnny Reb & Billy Yank
Immigrants as a % of a State’s Population in 1860
Buy Your Way Out of Military Service
Camp Life
Army life Drudgery Poor food and shelter Logistical problems Profiteers Disease and lack of medical treatment
Reasons for Southern Exemptions Haitian slave revolt (1791) Denmark Vesey (Freedmen’s revolt (1822-Charleston, SC) Nat Turner (1831-Southampton, VA) Propaganda Uncle Tom’s Cabin William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator David Walker’s The Appeal
The first campaigns 1861 A short and painless war Lincoln’s plan Bull Run or Battle of Manassas General McDowell v General Beauregard The “rebel yell” “Stonewall” Jackson and Joe Johnston Southern victory
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861
“Stonewall Jackson” "If anyone says he heard the rebel yell and wasn't scared, then ,he never heard it." A Northern soldiers comments on the rebel yell given when confederates charged their positions.
Preparation Overconfidence in the south Regrouping-Army of the Potomac General McClellan
General George McClellan
Differing strategies Northern strategy Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan Defend Washington & Pressure on Richmond Gain control of the Mississippi Valley Blockade the south
The “Anaconda” Plan
George McClellan, Again! Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan, Again!
Ulysses S. Grant
Southern strategy Foreign allies Great Britain France Napoleon III Stop Union advances Foreign allies Great Britain France Napoleon III King Cotton dethroned “Cotton diplomacy” The Trent affair James Mason & John Slidell Charles Francis Adams
The War in 1862 “Copperheads” Suspension of the right of habeas corpus Suppression of anti-administration newspapers The exile of Clement Vallandisham Defeatism Southern victories General Jackson & General Robert E. Lee
The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee
General Robert E. Lee
Western campaign-A shift in the war General Halleck & General Ulysses S. Grant Battle of Shiloh Church General Albert Sydney Johnston General Buell The War at Sea Threatening the blockade The Merrimack (The Virginia) The Monitor
The Monitor vs. the Merrimac The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac
Damage on the Deck of the Monitor
Munitions Confederates Union-Army of the Potomac General McClellan Springfield repeating rifle Political differences
McClellan: I Can Do It All!
The Peninsula Campaign McClellan attempts to take Richmond Lee bluffs 2nd Battle of Manassas Davis encourages Northern victories Battle of Antietam Lee’s army escapes to Virginia
War in the East: 1861-1862
Calvary…Jeb Stuart, Nathan Bedford Forrest etc…
Lincoln Visits Antietam
Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties
Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Enlisting in the army British neutrality
Emancipation in 1863
The Emancipation Proclamation
The Southern View of Emancipation
Radical Republican support Stalemate
54th Massachusetts Col Robert Gould Shaw Recruited by white abolitionists “death sentence” by the Confederacy James Island, SC Fort Wagner, Charleston, SC Fort Pillow
African-American Recruiting Poster
The Famous 54th Massachusetts
August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw
African-Americans in Civil War Battles
Black Troops Freeing Slaves