DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Made by: Ms. Anila Sohail Khan

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS: It is original quotation of a talk It is always placed between two quotation marks It is always preceded by Capital letter

Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct speech when the introductory verb position is in the front Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the introductory verb position is placed after or between the direct speech

The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (. ), question mark ( The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (!), question mark (?) point the type of sentence of direct speech and it does not change Eg. ‘Where do you live?’ she asked My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your hands!’ She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door open!’

INDIRECT SPEECH It is a kind of reported sentence (reported speech) It retells one’s talk or idea It undergoes certain modification It has three types of indirect speech 1. Imperative (Command/request) 2. Declarative (Statement) 3. Interrogative (question

1. Imperative (Command/request) The Imperative is a command Because of a command it does not tell the subject and the verb in direct imperative does not change E.g. “Shut the door” Let the door be shut like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect speech is preceded by to infinitive) namely to go, to sleep, to open

It also has non verb, so the reported command is preceded by ‘Be + adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be happy, be here so in the Indirect Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be happy, to be here

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE DIRECT SPEECH She said, “Go away!” “Come here!” she said. I said, “Be quite!” ‘Be quiet!’ she yelled at the children. She begged, “Be happy!” ‘Please help me!’ she told him INDIRECT SPEECH She ordered her to go away . She asked him to come there. She ordered the children to be quiet She requested to be happy She asked him to help her

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE: DIRECT SPEECH She said, “Don’t go away!” “Don’t Come here!” she said I said, “Don’t Be noisy!” She begged, “Don’t be lazy!” INDIRECT SPEECH She told me not to go away She asked him not to come there. She begged us not to be noisyI She told him not to worry about it

Declarative (Statement) A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH I He/She You me/he/she/them/I/him/her My his/her Our their/our Your My/his/her

Declarative (Statement) B. Adverb of time and Place DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH now then today that day tomorrow the next day the day after the following day a day later next the … after the following …

Declarative (Statement) B. Adverb of time and Place DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH last … the … before the previous … the preceding … … ago … before … earlier yesterday the day before the previous day the preceeding day the day before yesterday two days before here there this that these those

Declarative (Statement) Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Present Simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

Declarative (Statement) C. Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Future Simple Past Future Future Continuous Past Future Continuous Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Past Continuous

Declarative (Statement) C. Tenses DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Past Simple Past Perfect Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect

Let’s see the following changes DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 2 Had + Verb 3 Is was Am was Are were Have had Has had Do did Does did Was/were had been Did had + verb 3

Can could May might Must had to Shall should Will would Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb 3 / been Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 / been Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 / been Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 / been Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 / been

Examples: DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Ali: ‘I will go now.’ Ali said that he would go then Rani: ‘They love me.’ Rani told me they loved her ‘I’ve been writing’, Dina Dina answered that she answered had been writing Mother: ‘I was sick Mother told that yesterday.’ she had been sick the day before

3. Interrogative (question) a. Preceded by Auxiliary When the question is preceded by auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it will be used the conjunction if or whether in the indirect speech The steps how to make indirect speech: The question sentence of the indirect speech is firstly changed to be statement It then follows the rules before

Example DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’ It is firstly changed to be: You usually take a nap Doctor asks if/whether I usually take a nap

Example DIRECT SPEECH Mary: ‘Are you a student?’ You are a student It is firstly changed to be: You are a student INDIRECT SPEECH Ratu asked if/whether I was a student

Example John: ‘May I borrow your car?’ I may borrow your car Preceded by Question Word (QW) It is firstly changed to be: I may borrow your car INDIRECT SPEECH John asked if he might borrow my John asked whether he might borrow my

a. Preceded by Question Words In the question using Question Word (QW) To form indirect speech the question is firstly changed to be statement QW: what, when, where, which, why, who, whom, etc. are used as conjunction

Example - It is firstly changed to be: You spell your name Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’ - It is firstly changed to be: You spell your name INDIRECT SPEECH Andi asked how I spelt my name

Example DIRECT SPEECH It is firstly changed to be: Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’ It is firstly changed to be: You can keep your money safely INDIRECT SPEECH - Sophia asked me where I could keep my money safely.

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