© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON DELAY HEYRMAN LYTLE STOFF Chapter 21: The Political System Under Strain at Home and Abroad

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities of the new urban and industrial order, the political system ground to a near stalemate, broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a deep depression sparked labor protests and a revolt of farmers.” “Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities of the new urban and industrial order, the political system ground to a near stalemate, broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a deep depression sparked labor protests and a revolt of farmers.” 2

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights The Politics of Paralysis The Politics of Paralysis The Revolt of the Farmers The Revolt of the Farmers The New Realignment The New Realignment Stirrings of Empire Stirrings of Empire The Imperial Movement The Imperial Movement 3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Politics of Paralysis Political Stalemate Political Stalemate –Margins of victory in presidential elections were very close –Voter turnout: nearly 80 percent of eligible voters turned out The Parties The Parties –Ethnic and religious factors helped to shape party alignment –Third political parties rallied around a single cause 4

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Voting Public,

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Issues The Issues –“Bloody shirts”: each side blamed the other for the Civil War –Pendleton Act (1883): reform of civil service –McKinley Tariff –Crime of ’73: concern over money supply –Bland-Allison Act (1878): silver coinage The White House from Hayes to Harrison The White House from Hayes to Harrison –The dirty election of 1884 –First billion-dollar peacetime budget 6

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Ferment in the States and Cities Ferment in the States and Cities –State commissions –National Municipal League “Despite its growing expenditures and more legislation, most people expected little from the federal government. Experimental and often effective, state programs began to grapple with the problems of corporate power, discriminatory shipping rates, political corruption, and urban decay.” 7

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Revolt of the Farmers The Harvest of Discontent The Harvest of Discontent –Rising anger of farmers –Credit lay at the root of their problems The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance –Patrons of Husbandry –“Granger laws” –Granger cases –Southern Alliance 8

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Alliance Peaks The Alliance Peaks –People’s party formed (1890) –The Alliance movement: “Ocala Demands” The Election of 1892 The Election of 1892 –Exposure of weaknesses of the Populists –Rhetoric of Populism was often violent 9

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Rise of Jim Crow Politics The Rise of Jim Crow Politics –Systematized disfranchisement –Democratic party promoted black disfranchisement and white supremacy The African American Response The African American Response –Ida B. Wells –Booker T. Washington –W.E.B. Du Bois –Creation of NAACP 10

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. “The ferment of the early 1890s, among black Populists and white, was replaced by a lily-white Democratic party that dominated the region but remained in the minority on the national level.” 11

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The New Realignment The Depression of 1893 The Depression of 1893 –Nearly one worker in five was out of a job –More women and children went to work –Burden fell on local charities rather than government to assist the unemployed The Rumblings of Unrest The Rumblings of Unrest –Coxey’s Army –Sherman Silver Purchase Act of

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Battle of the Standards The Battle of the Standards –Free silver –Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech (1896): “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” –Republican coalition emerges triumphant in 1896 presidential election; dominates American politics for almost forty years McKinley in the White House McKinley in the White House –Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who also acted as party leaders –Dingley Tariff (1897) 13

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 14

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Stirrings of Empire European Expansion Worldwide European Expansion Worldwide –Ecological factors of expansion –Forces encouraging American imperialism The Shapers of American Imperialism The Shapers of American Imperialism –Mahan calls for a strong navy –Missionaries –Social Darwinism –Commercial factors- creation of new markets 15

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Dreams of a Commercial Empire Dreams of a Commercial Empire –William Henry Seward –Acquisition of Midway and Alaska –Blaine’s Pan-American Union –The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute Prelude in the Pacific Prelude in the Pacific –US vied for control of the islands of Samoa –1893: American sugar planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, a Hawaiian nationalist 16

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 17

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Imperial Moment Mounting Tensions Mounting Tensions –The de Lome letter –Sinking of the Maine –Teller Amendment The Imperial War The Imperial War –Dewey at Manila –Santiago harbor in Cuba 18

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. War in Cuba War in Cuba –Racial tensions –Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders Peace and the Debate over Empire Peace and the Debate over Empire –Annexing Hawaii –Aquinaldo –Anti-imperialists –The role of racism 19

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. America’s First Asian War America’s First Asian War –Racial antagonism spurred brutal fighting in Manila –Puerto Rico An Open Door in China An Open Door in China –The open-door notes –Boxer Rebellion –Sense of mission 20