 1800s = a limited constitutional monarchy  Monarch’s Rights (encourage, warn, inform)  Prime Minister held majority of power  Electoral Reform  Early 1800s, rural districts were well represented  Whigs: liberal party (favored apportionment)  1832 forced the king to appoint new liberal lords to pass reform issues

 Reform Movements  Reform Act of 1832: allowed more voting rights  Many remained disenfranchised (unable to vote)  The Chartists: voting rights for all men, secret ballot, salaries for Parliament members  The Anti-Corn Law League: repeal the Corn Law ▪ captured public attention w/ lectures, books, etc.  Political Parties  Conservatives (former Tories): made of aristocracy  Liberals (former Whigs): made of industrial classes  Wm. Gladstone: Pr. Min. ( ; ) ▪ Reform in govt., education, and elections  Bn. Disraeli: Pr. Min. ( )

 Rise of Labor  Labor unions gained more political power  Socialism was gaining more followers (Fabians)  Labour party teamed w/ liberals to accomplish reform policies (pensions, min. wage, health ins.)  Constitutional Crisis  Reform called for higher taxes (opposed by H.o.L.)  1911: Parliament narrowed power of H. of Lords  Women’s Suffrage  Married Women’s Property Acts (1870)  Women’s Social and Political Union – right to vote

 Canada  Diverse population (French, British, Loyalists)  1763 – British gained Quebec (French resistance) ▪ Constitutional Act (1791): divided Upper & Lower  Self-Government (1867) – British No. Amer. Act  Expanded from four territories to ten by 1905  Australia  Began as a prisoners’ colony (dominion in 1901)  Grew b/c of gold rush (1860)  New Zealand  First settled in 1770 (pop. grew with gold rush)

 Revolt in France  Louis XVIII – restoration of Bourbon monarchy  Charles X & ultraroyalists wanted absolutism  July Ordinances: restricted voting, dissolved the assembly, ended freedom of press  Louis Philippe accepted throne after Charles fled  Revolution of 1848: discontent with L. Philippe  Second Empire  1848: Louis-Napoleon elected president  Gained support of powerful groups  Dec. 2, 1851: directed a coup d’etat  Was supported by the people

 End of the Empire  Conflict w/ Prussia ended Napoleon III’s empire  French were defeated in just over 6 weeks  New National Assembly was elected  Surrendered Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia  Commune of Paris – French Socialist govt. refused to recognize the National Assembly  May 1871: Assembly arrested 40,000 Commune members (20,000 were killed) “Bloody Week”  The Third Republic  1875: France was made a republic (new const.)

 Louisiana Purchase – Thomas Jefferson  Spain ceded Florida (1819)  Annexation of Texas (1845)  Acquisition of Calif., Utah, & Nevada (1848)  Pacific Northwest (treaty with Britain)  Gadsden Purchase (so. New Mex. & Arizona)

Gadsden Purchase Louisiana Purchase

 Expanding Economy  Free Labor (industry) vs. Slave Labor (plantations)  Nation Divided (Civil War)  Different ideas on economic/political issues  Sectionalism: devotion to interests of a region  Immigration  Industries increased output – needed more workers  Late 1800s brought Eastern/Southern Europeans  Women’s Suffrage  Elizabeth Stanton & Susan B. Anthony  19 th Amendment was ratified in 1920 (W. Wilson)

 Ruling the Colonies  Viewed as a production center (Spain & Portugal)  Catholicism dominated local religion (& politics)  Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos  Uprising in Haiti  Toussaint-Louverture led slaves against owners  Revolt was temporarily squelched by Napoleon  Yellow Fever aided the revolutionaries (1804)  Mexico’s Independence  Hidalgo (1810): led a revolt to end slavery  Iturbide appointed himself emperor (1822)  Mexico declared a republic in 1823

 Simon Bolivar (Venezuela)  Won freedom for many nations in So. America  Jose de San Martin (Argentina)  Helped Chile and Peru gain independence  Joined with Bolivar to “free” So. American nations  Brazil’s Independence  Portuguese King Joao transferred his monarchy to Brazil in 1808  1815: Joao made Brazil self-governing  Dom Pedro defied Portuguese leaders and declared Brazil’s Independence