©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Chapter 21: The Political System under Strain Preview: “Struggling to come to terms with the inequalities of the new urban and industrial order, the political system ground to a near stalemate, broken only during the turbulent 1890s when a deep depression sparked labor protests and a revolt of farmers.” The Highlights: The Politics of Paralysis The Politics of Paralysis The Revolt of the Farmers The Revolt of the Farmers The New Realignment The New Realignment Visions of Empire Visions of Empire The Imperial Movement The Imperial Movement

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Politics of Paralysis Political Stalemate Political Stalemate –Margins of victory in presidential elections were very close –Voter turnout: nearly 80 percent of eligible voters turned out The Parties The Parties –Ethnic and religious factors –Third political parties rallied around a single cause 21-2

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21-3

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Issues The Issues –“Bloody shirts”: each side blamed the other for the war –Pendleton Act (1883): civil service –McKinley Tariff –Crime of ’73: concern over money supply –Bland-Allison Act (1878): silver coinage The White House from Hayes to Harrison The White House from Hayes to Harrison –The dirty election of 1884 –First billion-dollar peacetime budget 21-4

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Ferment in the States and Cities Ferment in the States and Cities –State commissions –National Municipal League “Despite its growing expenditures and more legislation, most people expected little from the federal government. Experimental and often effective, state programs began to grapple with the problems of corporate power, discriminatory shipping rates, political corruption, and urban decay”(677). 21-5

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Harvest of Discontent The Harvest of Discontent –Targets of farm anger –Credit lay at the root of their problem The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance The Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance –Patrons of Husbandry –“Granger laws” –Granger cases –Southern Alliance The Revolt of the Farmers 21-6

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Alliance Peaks The Alliance Peaks –People’s party formed (1890) –The Alliance movement: “Ocala Demands” The Election of 1892 The Election of 1892 –Longer-term weaknesses of the Populists –Rhetoric of Populism was often violent 21-7

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Rise of Jim Crow Politics The Rise of Jim Crow Politics –Disfranchisement –Democratic party promoted black disfranchisement and white supremacy The African American Response The African American Response –Ida B. Wells –Booker T. Washington –W.E.B. Du Bois –NAACP “The ferment of the early 1890s, among black Populists and white, was replaced by a lily-white Democratic party that dominated the region but remained in the minority on the national level”(684). 21-8

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The New Realignment The Depression of 1893 The Depression of 1893 –Nearly one worker in five was out of a job –More women and children went to work –Burden fell on local charities not government to assist the unemployed The Rumblings of Unrest The Rumblings of Unrest –Coxey’s Army –Sherman Silver Purchase Act of

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Battle of the Standards The Battle of the Standards –Free silver –Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech (1896): “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” –Republican coalition McKinley in the White House McKinley in the White House –Foreshadowed “modern” presidents who would act as party leaders –Dingley Tariff (1897) 21-10

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©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Visions of Empire European Expansion Worldwide European Expansion Worldwide –Ecological factors –Forces encouraging American imperialism The Shapers of American Imperialism The Shapers of American Imperialism –Mahan calls for a strong navy –Missionaries –Social Darwinism –Commercial factors 21-12

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Dreams of a Commercial Empire Dreams of a Commercial Empire –William Henry Seward –Acquisition of Midway and Alaska –Blaine’s Pan-American Union –The Venezuelan Boundary Dispute Prelude in the Pacific Prelude in the Pacific –US vied for control of the islands of Samoa –1893: American sugar planters overthrow Queen Liliuokalani, a Hawaiian nationalist 21-13

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 21-14

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Imperial Moment Mounting Tensions Mounting Tensions –The de Lome letter –Sinking of the Maine –Teller Amendment The Imperial War The Imperial War –Dewey at Manila –Santiago harbor in Cuba 21-15

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill War in Cuba War in Cuba –Racial tensions –The Rough Riders Peace and the Debate over Empire Peace and the Debate over Empire –Annexing Hawaii –Aquinaldo –Anti-imperialists –The role of racism 21-16

©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. ©2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights reserved. McGraw-Hill America’s First Asian War America’s First Asian War –Racial antagonism spurred brutal fighting in Manila –Puerto Rico An Open Door in China An Open Door in China –The open-door notes –Boxer Rebellion –Sense of mission 21-17