CHAPTER Practical Ethernet Implementation

Chapter Objectives Provide a background on Ethernet itself and describe its characteristics Explain the practical implementation of various Ethernet LANs –10BaseT, 10Base2 and 10Base5 –Show sample networking devices and network connections Introduce the 100 Mbps Ethernet that is also known as fast Ethernet Discuss the various operating systems for Ethernet networks

Chapter Modules Background on Ethernet Ethernet Basic Characteristics Overview of Implementation IEEE Implementation of 10BaseT IEEE Implementation of 10Base2 IEEE Implementation of 10Base5 Fast (100 Mbps) Ethernet Networks Network Operating Systems for Ethernet Networks

© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE Background on Ethernet

Module Objectives Describe Ethernet in general Trace the origin of Ethernet Discuss the current status and speeds

Ethernet Defined A highly standardized popular network architecture Based on the CSMA/CD transmission protocol It is a logical bus network that is implemented both as a physical star and a physical bus network Governed by the IEEE standard

Origin CSMA/CD originated in Univ. of Hawaii in the 60s Cabling and signaling schemes were invented at Xerox Subsequently standardized by a group of companies –Xerox, Intel and DEC

Current Status Highly standardized Standards set by IEEE 802 committee –IEEE Standards exists for different speeds of Ethernet implementations

Current Speeds 10 Mbps Ethernet –Example: 10BaseT 100 Mbps Ethernet –Example: 100BaseTX 1 Gigabit Ethernet –New and evolving network technology 10 Gigabits Ethernet is currently emerging

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE Ethernet Basic Characteristics

Module Objectives Topology Cabling Communication channels A typical Ethernet frame Access method and speed IEEE 802 implementations

Topology Logical bus Physical implementation –Either Star or Bus –Each has its own advantage

Cabling Popular –Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) (10baseT) Different categories for different speeds –Thin coaxial (10base2) Others –Thick coaxial (10Base5) –Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) –Optical Fiber (10baseFL)

Communication Channels Network Cable Single Channel Baseband Technology Ethernet Frame

A Typical Ethernet Frame Format Preample Receiver’s address Sender’s address Frame Type CRC Trailer Ethernet II Frame Format used for TCP/IP Communication

Frame Components Preamble –Start of frame indicator Destination address Source address Type –Network layer protocol identifier Trailer –CRC Error checking code

Access Method and Speed IEEE –10 Mbps IEEE 802.3u –100 Mbps –Also known as fast Ethernet IEEE 802.3z –1 Gbps –Also known as gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.3ae –10 Gbps

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE Overview of Implementations

Module Objectives List 10 Mbps IEEE implementations Discuss 100 Mbps implementations Show typical star and bus implementations

10 Mbps IEEE Implementations 10BaseT –Twisted pair implementation 10Base2 –Thin coaxial implementation 10Base5 –Thick coaxial implementation 10BaseFL –Fiber implementation

100 Mbps IEEE 802 Implementations 100BaseTX –Twisted pair implementation 100BaseT4 –Uses two pairs of regular Cat 3 wires to transmit at 100M bps 100VG AnyLAN –Twisted pair implementation with variation to the 100BaseTX implementation The network of choice at present is –Gigabit Ethernet that is gradually replacing 100BaseTx networks

A Typical Star Ethernet LAN Configuration Client ServerClient NIC Hub RJ 45 Connection Twisted Pair Wire Cat 5e (1000baseT)

A Typical Bus Ethernet LAN Configuration Client ServerClient Thin coaxial cable (10base2) T-Connector Terminator NIC

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE IEEE Implementation of 10BaseT Star Networks

Module Objectives 10BaseT implementation hardware Implementation rules –Length limitation and use of repeaters Implementation in a building An actual 10BaseT configuration

10BaseT Implementation Hardware Requirements 10BaseT NIC Hub –May act as a multi-port repeater UTP or STP wiring –RJ 45 based

Actual Implementation Hardware Hub Cables Network Cards

10BaseT Implementation Rules Maximum length of a 10BaseT segment –100 meters (328 feet) Maximum number of computers supported in the LAN –1024

Length Limitation Client Server Hub < 328 feet

Use of Repeaters for Length Extension Server Hub If the distance is greater than 328 feet, a repeater can be used to extend the distance. Repeater

Use of Fiber Line Drivers for Length Extension Server Switch If the distance is greater than 328 feet, a fiber-optic line driver can be used to extend the distance to several km. Fiber Driver

Implementation in a Building Hub Punch Down Client Server Wiring Rack (Wiring Closet) Switch Backbone UTP

Installation in a Building Wiring closet is a reserved space in the building for housing wiring hubs Wiring rack Hubs and switches UTP cables are run to the wall UTP connection is run from the wall to the desktop using a patch cable

An Actual Star Ethernet LAN Configuration

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE IEEE Implementation of 10Base2 Bus Networks

Module Objectives Briefly outline the hardware needed to implement a 10Base2 network Discuss the 10base2 implementation rules such as those relating to maximum segment length, minimum distance between nodes etc.

10Base2 Implementation: Hardware Requirements 10Base2 NIC 10Base2 cable –Thin coaxial cable BNC T connectors BNC terminators BNC barrel connectors, if necessary –Usage must be kept to a minimum, if not avoided

Actual Implementation Hardware

A Simple 10Base2 Implementation Maximum Segment Length Minimum Cable Length

10Base2 Implementation Rules Maximum segment length –185 meters (607 feet) Minimum cable length –0.5 meters (20 inches) Maximum number of computers per segment –30

Length Limitation > 20 inches < 607 feet

5-4-3 Segmentation Rule To build larger networks, segments can be combined together based on the rule 5 Segments –A 10Base2 LAN can consists of 5 segments 4 Repeaters –4 repeaters are used to form the 5 segments 3 segments with computers –3 of the segments can have stations attached

A Sample Implementation Repeater S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 Repeater

Extension of the 10Base2 LAN A combined effect of the 4 repeaters is to extend the overall length of the network Maximum length –3035 feet

Variations to the Rule In practice, variations to the rule exist for practicality Such implementations can therefore be considered as nonconforming with IEEE The implication –Interoperability with other conforming devices is not guaranteed –The functional features are the responsibility of the manufacturer of the nonconforming device

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE Sample Implementations of 10base2

Module Objectives Implementing 10Base2 using switches Implementation in a building Variations in 10Base2 configuration 10Base2 and 10BaseT internetworking

Implementing 10Base2 LANs Using Switches Switch S1 S2 S3

10Base2 Implementation in a Building Router S1 S2 S3 Backbone

Variations in Ethernet Bus LAN Configuration

10Base2 and 10BaseT Internetworking Client Server Hub Client Server Transceiver 10Base2 10BaseT AUI

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE IEEE Implementation of 10Base5 Bus Networks

Module Objectives Give an overview of 10Base5 hardware Discuss the implementation rules Present a sample implementation for a building Include other relevant notes on 10Base5 implementation Present an example of 10Base2 and 10Base5 integration

10Base5 Implementation Hardware Requirements 10Base5 NIC Transceiver 10Base5 cables Transceiver cables

A Simple Implementation Thick Coax (10Base5) Transceiver ClientServer Vampire Clamp 15-pin AUI Connector

10Base5 Implementation Rules Maximum segment length –1,640 feet Minimum length between connections –8 feet rule holds for 10Base5 LAN as well –Maximum length in 5 segments 8,200 feet

Other Notes on 10Base5 Transmission characteristics –Thicknet is better than Thinnet –Used as the Backbone Workability –Thinnet is better than Thicknet –Used for floor distribution

An Example of 10Base2 and 10Base5 Deployment Building Floor 10Base5 Backbone Transceiver Repeater 10Base2

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE Fast (100 Mbps) Ethernet LANs

Module Objectives 100 Mbps Ethernet variations 100BaseTX Characteristics A simple 100BaseTX implementation Media variations in implementing 100BaseX

100 Mbps Ethernet Variations 100VG-AnyLAN –Introduced by HP –Standardized by IEEE group 100BaseTX –Also known as Fast Ethernet

100BaseTX A very popular implementation at present Still based on CSMA/CD Baseband technology Implementation is similar to 10BaseT Requires better UTP cable –Category 5 –Media variations are present

A Simple 100BaseTX Implementation Client Server Hub

Media Based Variations of 100BaseX 100BaseT4 –4-pair Category 3, 4 or 5 UTP 100BaseTX –2-pair Category 5 UTP or STP 100BaseFL –2-strand fiber-optic cable

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© N. Ganesan, All rights reserved. MODULE Network Operating Systems for Ethernet Networks

Module Objectives Microsoft operating systems –Peer-to-peer –Client-server Unix operating system and variations of the same Other operating systems

Microsoft Peer-to-Peer –Windows Workgroup 3.11 –Windows 9x (95, 98 etc.) –Windows NT Workstation Client-Server –Windows NT Workstation for small LANs –Windows NT Server –Small Business Server A combination of NT Server, Exchange Server etc.

UNIX Many versions of Unix Examples –SCO Unix –Linux –AIX –etc.

Others Novel NetWare Banyan Vines AppleShare –For apples on an Ethernet network etc.

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