The Scientific Revolution

Ptolemaic System: Almagest – geocentric universe (earth-centered) Ptolemaic System: Almagest – geocentric universe (earth-centered) Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres – heliocentric universe (sun centered) Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres – heliocentric universe (sun centered) This theory was published in 1543 This theory was published in 1543 It was charged by Catholic and Protestant alike as illogical, unbiblical, and un-Christian It was charged by Catholic and Protestant alike as illogical, unbiblical, and un-Christian

Ptolemaic System Ptolemaic System

Copernican Heliocentric Copernican Heliocentric

Galileo Galilei – 1564 – 1642 Galileo Galilei – 1564 – 1642 First to use the telescope for astronomical observations First to use the telescope for astronomical observations 1632 – Published his Dialogue on Two Chief Systems of the World – Galileo, although devout in his religious faith, contended that the Bible was not a reliable authority on scientific matters 1632 – Published his Dialogue on Two Chief Systems of the World – Galileo, although devout in his religious faith, contended that the Bible was not a reliable authority on scientific matters Church was prepared to tolerate the heliocentric theory as long as it was only a proposed hypothesis Church was prepared to tolerate the heliocentric theory as long as it was only a proposed hypothesis Galileo was forced to recant, but was believed to have muttered, “And yet it does move.” Galileo was forced to recant, but was believed to have muttered, “And yet it does move.”

Sir Isaac Newton 1642 – 1727 Sir Isaac Newton 1642 – 1727 Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University Invented differential calculus independently but at the same time as Leibniz Invented differential calculus independently but at the same time as Leibniz Newton believed, as did other scientists of his day, that the earth was governed by natural laws Newton believed, as did other scientists of his day, that the earth was governed by natural laws Research pointed to the idea of universal gravitation – outlined this theory in his Principia Mathematica Research pointed to the idea of universal gravitation – outlined this theory in his Principia Mathematica

Hobbes vs. Locke – Hobbes vs. Locke – Hobbes – Leviathon (1651) Hobbes – Leviathon (1651) Human beings in their natural state are inclined to a “perpetual and restless desire” desire for power Human beings in their natural state are inclined to a “perpetual and restless desire” desire for power People are self-centered creatures who lack a master People are self-centered creatures who lack a master They needed a political contract where every person, for the sake of peace and self-defense, set aside personal rights and freedoms, and the people would be ruled by some system of governance, and this would be absolute They needed a political contract where every person, for the sake of peace and self-defense, set aside personal rights and freedoms, and the people would be ruled by some system of governance, and this would be absolute

Locke – Second Treatise of Government (1690) Locke – Second Treatise of Government (1690) Tabula Rasa – at birth every human’s mind is a blank page, and all knowledge comes from experience Tabula Rasa – at birth every human’s mind is a blank page, and all knowledge comes from experience Believed that people had created a government to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and property Believed that people had created a government to protect their natural rights to life, liberty, and property The authority of the government is thus derived from the consent of those governed The authority of the government is thus derived from the consent of those governed When the government fails to protect the people’s natural rights and instead, interferes with them by attempting to rule absolutely, the people have a right to rebel When the government fails to protect the people’s natural rights and instead, interferes with them by attempting to rule absolutely, the people have a right to rebel

Homework: Homework: Honors – Read pages 382 – 387 in your textbooks Honors – Read pages 382 – 387 in your textbooks Please compose a one-page essay summarizing any one of the major developments of the Scientific Revolution covered in Section 1 of Chapter 16 Please compose a one-page essay summarizing any one of the major developments of the Scientific Revolution covered in Section 1 of Chapter 16 Summarizing means to first explain the theory and second and then to explain its importance to modern society Summarizing means to first explain the theory and second and then to explain its importance to modern society Assignment should be one-page typed and double spaced Assignment should be one-page typed and double spaced One-inch margins, 12-size font and Times New Roman font One-inch margins, 12-size font and Times New Roman font