THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1964 - 1968

Challenges and Changes in the Civil Rights Movement New Leaders Black Nationalism Challenges and Changes in the Civil Rights Movement 1964-68 Increased violence

JOHNSON & CIVIL RIGHTS 1964-68

Northern Segregation De facto segregation Inner City Ghettos White Flight Northern Segregation Inner City Ghettos

& the Black Power Movement Bobby Seale Huey Newton Eldridge Cleaver CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS & the Black Power Movement Malcolm X Stokely Carmichael

Race Riots Los Angeles 1965 Watts Riots California Harlem , Rochester 1964 New York Detroit 1967 Michigan Race Riots Los Angeles 1965 Watts Riots California

1968 : The Commission on Civil Disorders Urban Violence THE KERNER COMMISSION 1968 : The Commission on Civil Disorders “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black , one white – separate and unequal.”

Radical Views “Concerning nonviolence: It is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks.” 1964 Elijah Muhammed Nation of Islam Racial Separation MALCOLM X Black Pride Ballots or Bullets ? “Well, if you and I don’t use the ballot , we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”1965

Malcolm X Rally in Harlem, June 29, 1963, at the height of his popularity as a public speaker.

Malcolm X “Concerning nonviolence: It is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks . It is legal and lawful to own a shotgun or a rifle. …The time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever and wherever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked.” 1964

MLK & Malcolm X “Well, if you and I don’t use the ballot , we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.” 1965 Ballots or Bullets Speech “Well, if you and I don’t use the ballot , we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.” Ballots or Bullets Speech

Malcolm X : 1925-1965 Gunned down three months before his 40th birthday, Malcolm X's life was cut short just when his thinking had reached a critical juncture.

Stokely Carmichael Black separatism + self sufficiency SNCC Black pride + cultural heritage of blacks Self assertion + retaliation against violence Stokely Carmichael Black Power “This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested – and I ain’t going to jail no more !… We been saying freedom for six years – and we ain’t got nothin’. What we’re gonna start saying now is BLACK POWER.”

1968 :Olympic Games Mexico City Black medalists raise fists for Civil Rights Movement The two men were Tommie Smith and John Carlos

Black Panthers Huey Newton Bobby Seale self defense self sufficiency founders Bobby Seale 1966 Oakland , CA Black Panthers self defense self sufficiency justice and equality

Black Panther Party Founders: (left) Bobby Seale - national chairman: (right) Huey Newton - defense minister Eldridge Cleaver Black Panther leader

Black Panther Rally

Police and Panthers face off at Oakland Courthouse

Black Panther Rally

1968 End of Civil Rights Movement Martin Luther King , Jr. Assassinated Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated 1968 End of Civil Rights Movement

Maya Angelou - 1993 “Lift up your faces ,you have a piercing need For this bright morning dawning on you . History , despite its wrenching pain, Cannot be unlived,but if faced with courage need not be lived again. Lift up your eyes Upon this day breaking for you. Give birth again To the dream.” -On the Pulse of Morning -

CONTROVERSY continued and continues IS IT Affirmative Action OR Reverse Discrimination CONTROVERSY continued and continues Bussing Racial Profiling

James Brown 60s soul artist SAY IT LOUD I’m Black and I’m Proud