Chapter 6
What is a noun? persons, places, things, ideas, states or qualities
Marcus cibum conspicit. Marcus catches sight of the food. Flavia ancillam conspicit. Flavia catches sight of the slave-woman. Pollux arborem conspicit. Pollux catches sight of the tree.
declensions 1st 2nd 3rd sing. plural nominative genitive - dative accusative ablative
Cases = part of speech nominative subject genitive shows possession - 's, of . . . dative indirect object - to, for . . . accusative direct object, object of a preposition ablative object of a preposition
a word that expresses an action, state or condition What is a verb? a word that expresses an action, state or condition
what a subject is or does What does a verb tell? what a subject is or does
What does tense mean? time of the verb
How many persons do verbs have? three
How does English indicate the person of a verb? use of a personal pronoun
1st: -o I -mus we 2nd: -s you -tis 3rd: he, she, it -nt they you all Latin singular English singular plural English 1st: -o I -mus we 2nd: -s you -tis you all 3rd: -t he, she, it -nt they
ego I tu you nos we vos you all
What is an verb infinitive? a form a verb without person or number to walk to love to prepare to watch to carry
-re What two letters does a Latin infinitive end in? to walk ambulāre to love amāre to prepare parāre to watch spectāre to carry portāre -re
volo nolo paras potest vult parat non vult I want . . . I don’t want . . . you prepare . . . he is able . . . he wants . . . he prepares . . . he doesn't want . . .
Activity 1 - underline the infinitive, circle the verb it completes and translate 1. Ego ad villam currere volo. 2. Ancilla cibum coquere vult. 3. Ego cubiculum purgāre nolo.
4. Servus in agris laborāre non vult. 5. Tu cibum coquere paras. 6 4. Servus in agris laborāre non vult. 5. Tu cibum coquere paras. 6. Sub arbore sedēre potest.
What is an impersonal verbal phrase? a phrase that uses it for the person of the verb
What type of verb does a verbal phrase usually occur with? an infinitive reprehendere
How is an impersonal verbal phrase always translated? with the pronoun it
necesse est it is necessary
Necesse est Latinos verbos studere. It is necessary to study Latin words.
What is meant by gender? grammatical classification of a word as either masculine, feminine or neuter
In English: nouns are not classified according to grammatical gender, some nouns however have natural gender based on the biological sex of the person or animal.
In Latin: natural gender - all words referring to males are masculine deus god puer boy Juppiter Jupiter vir man
all words referring to females are feminine: mater mother regina queen Juno Juno femina woman
most nouns ending in -a are feminine most nouns ending in -us are masculine
Grammatical gender - unrelated to biological sex masculine. feminine Grammatical gender - unrelated to biological sex masculine feminine neuter book boat river chariot tree temple army courage gift field country animal
a word used to describe a noun or tell about its character What is an adjective? a word used to describe a noun or tell about its character tired slave slow horse
What three things must an adjective agree with the noun it is describing? case - nominative or accusative number - singular or plural gender - masculine, feminine, neuter
laetus, laeta defessus, defessa iratus, irata magnus, magna infirmus, infirma frigidus, frigida temerarius, temeraria happy tired angry large, loud weak, shaky cold, cool rash, reckless
vicinus, vicina strenuus, strenua molestus, molesta sollictus, sollicta calidus, calida ignavus, ignava perterritus, perterrita neighboring active, energetic annoying anxious, worried warm cowardly, lazy frightened
Davus est servus defessus. Davus is a tired slave. Ancilla est defessa. The slave woman is tired.
Pueri sunt molesti. The boys are annoying. Puellae sunt laetae. The girls are happy.
The _______ of many nouns is difficult to predict, but you can tell by looking at the _________used to describe the noun. gender adjective
Magnus clamor in horto est. A loud noise is in the garden. The -us of magnus shows the clamor is masculine
Arbor est magna. The tree is large. The -a of magna tells us the arbor is feminine
Activity 2 – Tell the gender of each noun below, F for feminine and M for masculine: 1. Aurelia ______ 6. piscina _______ 11. amica ______ 2. stola ______ 7. toga ______ 12. Sextus ______ 3. Davus ______ 8. ramus ______ 13. servus ______ 4. amicus ______ 9. vir ______ 14. palla ______ 5. Cornelius_____ 10. aqua ______ 15. cibus ______
Activity 3 – In each of the following sentences, write N over each noun and ADJ over each adjective. Draw arrows from adjectives to the nouns they describe. Give the gender (m = masculine or f = feminine) of the modified noun. Then translate sentence. 1. Davus semper est sollicitus. Gender: _____ 2. Multae arbores in agris sunt. Gender: ____ 3. Sextus magnam arborem ascendit. Gender: ___
4. Puellae defessae iam dormiunt. Gender: ___ 5. Rami sunt infirmi 4. Puellae defessae iam dormiunt. Gender: ___ 5. Rami sunt infirmi. Gender: _____ 6. Sextus ignavus non est. Gender: ______ 7. Nihil puerum laetum terret. Gender: _____
8. Sextus ex arbore cadit et magnum fragorem. facit. Gender: _____ 9 8. Sextus ex arbore cadit et magnum fragorem facit. Gender: _____ 9. Puellae magnam vocem audiunt. Gender: ____ 10. Puellae sollicitae sunt et ad Sextum currunt. Gender: _________
11. Sextus est salvus. Gender: _________ 12. Aqua est calida 11. Sextus est salvus. Gender: _________ 12. Aqua est calida. Gender: _________ 13. Cibus est frigidus. Gender: _________ 14. Pater in villā scribit sollicitus. Gender: _____
Activity 4 – Translate each sentence: 1. Cornelia magnum fragorem audit. 2. Pueri sunt laeti. 3. Puella sollicta magnam vocem audit. 4. Sextus est puer strenuus. 5. Davus puerum strenuum non amat. Cornelia hears the loud crash. The boys are happy. The anxious girl hears the loud voice. Sextus is an energetic boy. Davus does not like the energetic boy.
6. Pueri ad villam vicinam currunt. 7. Puellae laetae in agris errant 6. Pueri ad villam vicinam currunt. 7. Puellae laetae in agris errant. 8. Nunc necesse est surgere quod lucet. 9. Mox omnes surgunt quod strenue laborāre necesse est. The boys run to the neighboring house. The happy girls wander in the fields. It is now necessary to rise because it is light. Soon all get up because it is necessary to work hard.