Evolution of Birds from Reptiles SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth. Evolved from reptiles-Few intermediate fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones
Thecodontosaurus
Thecodontosaurus
Iguanodon
Ingenia
Incisivosaurus
Archeopteryx 150 mya
Archaeopteryx Possible link between birds & reptiles (150 mya) Reptilian char- Large skull, reptile like teeth Bones solid Claws on forelimbs Long tail Bird Char.- Strong legs & rounded wings for gliding Feathers Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone
Hesperonis Fossils 75 mya Large, flightless bird Had teeth like reptiles
Ichthyornis Smaller, tern like bird Lived 65-80 mya Had large flight wings
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves-birds Traits: Air sacs/hollow bones make bird lighter feathers 4 chambered heart endothermic Beaks and feet adapted for food and habitat Evolved from dinosaurs in Mesozoic era Scales on legs- similar to reptiles
General Bird Anatomy SZ4- Students will assess how animals interact with their environment including key adaptation found within animal taxa.
Birds Have the Highest Metabolism
Metabolic Adaptations Birds have high metabolism Endothermic, 4 chambered heart Lungs, air sacs for increased oxygen avail. Crop and gizzard(grinds food) in digestive tract Metanephric kidney excretes uric acid- prevents water loss Counter-current circulation
Respiration
Counter-Current Circulation
Excretion – Uric Acid Uric acid metabolic excretion (Saves water)
Adaptations for Flight Feathers- modified scales Pectoral appendages = wings Lightweight skeleton filled w/ air sacs High metabolic rate Endothermic- regulate temp. internally Fused furculum (wishbone) keeled sternum
Types of Feathers
Keeled Furculum and Sternum
Wings
Flight Forces
Avian Reproduction Amniotic egg Internal fertilization Oviparous- eggs laid outside of body Both parents care for eggs Precocial young- active at hatching Altricial young- helpless and naked at hatching migration
Egg Shapes
Starling Nests
Weaver Bird Nest
Brood Parasitism Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?
Males are More Colorful
Migration
Pop Quiz List three adaptations that allow birds to have a high metabolism. List three adaptations that allow birds to fly. What type of egg does a bird have? What is the name of the class the bird belongs to?
Avian Classification 28 orders 9600 species SZ1- Students will derive the phylogeny of animal taxa using informative characteristics SZ3- Students will compare form and function relationships within animal groups and across key taxa.
Super Orders of Birds Superorder Archaeornithes- “ancient birds”, extinct ex. Archaeopteryx Superorder Neornithes- “new” birds- modern Paleognathae- “old jaw” Neognathae- “new jaw”
Paleognathae- Order Struthioniformes Large flightless bird Two toes Old jaw Ex. ostriches
Neognathae- Order Pelecaniformes Pelicans, cormorants, boobies
Neo- Order Ciconiiformes Long legs for wading Long necks Pink or orange because of carotenoids in algae and brine shrimp that eat algae Liver enzymes break down the carotenoids into pink and orange pigments that are deposited into feathers, bill, and legs
Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet Swans, geese, ducks
Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon
Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays
Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves
Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls http://www.owlpages.com/sounds/Strix-varia-3.mp3
Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds
Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey Pheasants Quail
Order Charadriiformes Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls
Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak Bright colors Parrots Parakeets
Order Piciformes Two toes forward and two toes backward woodpeckers
Order Sphenisciformes Webbed feet Wings as used for swimming penquins
The End Fig. 27.co