THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA
WHAT IS THE INTELLIGENTSIA? “Critically thinking people” “Secular priesthood” Common defining features = Education in western ideas Highly politicized
THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA ORIGINS Reforms of Peter the Great Social critics of Catherine the Great NIKOLAI NOVIKOV, DENIS FONVIZIN, ALEXANDER RADISHCHEV “CIRCLES” of late 18 th /early 19 th c. Romanticism, Idealism, Nationalism “Cursed Questions” D. Fonvizin N. Novikov A. Radishchev
THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA DEVELOPMENT “Remarkable Decade:” PETER CHAADAEV: “First Philosophical Letter” Russia had no past, no present, no future Led to 2 new competing intellectual movements: SLAVOPHILES WESTERNIZERS
THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA SLAVOPHILES ALEKSEI KHOMIAKOV, IVAN KIREEVSKY, CONSTANTINE AKSAKOV Superiority of Russia & Orthodoxy SOBORNOST’ OBSHCHINA Messianic role of Russia Peter’s reforms disrupted Russia’s natural development Idealized NAROD Opposed serfdom & bureaucracy, tacitly supported autocracy A. Khomiakov C. Aksakov I. Kireevsky
THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA WESTERNIZERS Similarities with Slavophiles Opposed serfdom, bureaucracy, capitalism Russia should take leadership role Idealized narod Differences Many different social strata, including RAZNOCHINTSY Embraced western ideas & western development Very secular Opposed autocracy
THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA WESTERNIZERS Moderates (Fathers): TIMOFEI GRANOVKSY & NIKOLAI STANKEVICH Mild liberal reform Education & enlightenment Evolutionary approach Radicals (Sons): VISSARION BELINSKY, ALEXANDER HERZEN Revolutionary approach Russian socialism T. Granovskii N. Stankevich V. Belinsky A. Herzen
THE RUSSIAN INTELLIGENTSIA WESTERNIZERS PETRASHEVTSY: NIKOLAI CHERNYSHEVSKY & FEDOR DOSTOEVSKY Influenced by French Utopian socialism PHALANSTERIES Transitional group between Moderates & Radicals Raided by govt N. Chernyshevsky F. Dostoevsky