Тяжелые ядра в космосе – источник радиационной опасности вблизи Земли и в межпланетном пространстве Heavy Nuclei in Space – the Source of Danger in the Vicinity of the Earth and in the Interplanetary Space Mikhail Panasyuk Moscow State University Space Weather Effects on Humans: in Space and on Earth International Conference Space Research Institute Moscow, Russia June 4-8, 2012

Apollo –11 N. Armstrong B. Aldrin M. Collins GCR (Fe) The first “visualization” of HZE

Absorbed dose 0,5 Zv Electrons Nuclei HZE particles effects

## SEE SEE Years Minimum of SA Maximum of SA Одиночные сбои и поток ГКЛ Single Events Effects HZE particles impact on microchips

HZE particles in the Earth’s Environment

Внешний пояс - р до ~ МэВ - е до нескольких МэВ Внутренний пояс - р до сотен МэВ - е до нескольких МэВ ~7Rз The Earth’s Radiation Belts

Потоки электронов и протонов различных энергий в плоскости геомагнитного экватора. R - расстояние от центра Земли, выраженное в радиусах Земли. Стабильный пояс электронов с E e > 20 МэВ выделен жирной линией

Energy spectra of cosmic radiation Solar wind (H) Solar energetic particles Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays (H) lg E (eV/nucl) lg I 1 MeVn 6 1 GeVn 1 TeVn 1keV/n Radiation belts

Низкие высоты Low altitudes (LEO)

Радиационное окружение Земли ISS 400 km

South Atlantic Anomaly h=500km, 1970, B model JSFC12/66(1970) AE8max Магнитное поле Частицы h = 400 km

ЮАА Широта, град Долгота, град SEE in the SAA

протоны, >40 MэВ W

Solar cycle dependence. Proton flux year Atmospheric density

Secular Variations of Geomagnetic Field (Model IGRF) SAA: magnetic field secular variations Magnetic field become weaker ( at h = const) - SAA moving to the west

~ 25 µ CR track Interection region Sensitive region ~ 5 µ neutrons p α Mg Shielding Semiconductor chip

Solar neutrons Local neutrons Albedo neutrons GCR protons Neutron Environment

Secondary protons&neutrons

Local neutrons generation vs S/C mass МИР

Neutron dose equivalent(μSv/h) Neutron dose equivalent rate was estimated using the energy spectrum with the ICRP-74 coefficient. Neutron dose equivalent (Goka et al) (From March 23 to July 7, All orbit)

км км км Спутник APEX, эллиптическая орбита Altitude dependence of SEE

SEP

Solar wind (H) Solar cosmic rays Galactic cosmic rays lgE (эВ/нукл) Поток частиц, отн.ед 1 МэВ/нукл 6 1 ГэВ/ нукл1 ТэВ/ нукл1кэВ/нукл Solar Energetic Particles

SEE during SEP’s events and modeling of SEE

SEE at LEO

How many HZE particles in SEP events?

HZE abundance in SEP Nymmik, 2012,private communication

HZE abundance in SEP Abundance of HZE particles on the tail of SEP’s events is unerestimated? Nymmik, 2012,private communication

«Нейтронный отклик» солнечных вспышек “Neutron’s response” of solar flares

Neutron dose equivalent(μSv/h) We have investigated the neutron dose equivalent inside the ISS on the influence of solar flare. Neutron dose equivalent (For 24 hours from 12(UT) on April 15) Animation\animation.htm

Galactic cosmic rays Галактические космические лучи

GCR modulation ?

Instead of conclusions PROBLEMS (just a sketch)

PROBLEMS 1. Limitation of knowledge to estimate the real risk

Роль фрагментов ядерных реакций p +Si  Продукты ядерного взаимодействия протонов КИ с материалом бортовой электроники генерируют с электронно- дырочные пары и дефекты, приводящие к сбою электроники

## SEE vs LTE

However… Результаты испытаний HXRHPPC на ТЗЧ Lintz et al, “ Single Event Effects Hardening and Characterization of Honeywell’s RHPPC Processor Integrated Circuit”

Rat’s expedition to Mars Rat’s behavior is changing after 3 month’s of HZE exposure !

Expedition to Mars Do we need one way ticket?

PROBLEMS 2. Limitation of on ground facilities for modeling of space environment

Neutrons in space and in the Earth’s atmosphere

How to minimize risk from HZE? Electronics Onground space qualification tests (certification) with using of accelerator’s facilities – just a black hole for funds What to do ? - To combine design/manufacturing process with radiation testing - To imply special soft/scheme/construction decisions to minimize SEE - Planning of missions

ЮАА Широта, град Долгота, град Одиночные сбои в ЮАА Planning of missions Spacecraft is a robot, but with elements a manual management by people

How to minimize risk from HZE? Humans - To combine design/manufacturing process with radiation testing - To imply special soft/scheme/construction decisions to minimize SEE - Planning of missions, new estimation of risks

How to minimize risk from HZE? Humans Planning of missions Probably, we are on a way of developing temporal limitation for long- duration space missions on concept of new risk’s estimation Time – the only real shield against HZE particles for human’s body in space

Thank you