South Africa English is a minority language. 15 m Bantu-family 3.5 m Afrikaans 1.5 m English Bilingualism fairly common

South Africa Bilingualism fairly common English: – native language of only 1.5 m whites –widely spoken as a 2nd language Bantu substratum African English –(FLEECE-KIT Merger, –DRESS-FACE Merger –etc.

South Africa Early 19th cent (British occupied the Cape 1806) From the beginning, English considerably influenced phonetically by Afrikaans. Early cape colonies: British occupation of the Cape 1806; settlers arrived. Heavily influenced by Afrikaans Later 1850 settlers in Natal less affected by Afrikaans.

Natal

South Africa Same distinctions as in Aus, only Wells now calls them: Conservative (close to RP); Respectable (differing considerably from RP) and Extreme or Broad which includes some stigmatised features.

South Africa Lack of a manual labour class amongst white-speaking South Africans. Wells speculates whether this is the cause of lack of Ing-variable (i~ is almost universal) and lack of H-Dropping. Glottal stop H-Dropping not in Aus –NZ either

South Africa: KIT Split

NON-BROAD

South Africa: KIT Split BROAD

South Africa: KIT Split

KIT Split interferes with the Ing Variable: -higher allophone in front of the velar ing, retained in spite of the loss of the velar:

South Africa: other vowels

South Africa