English In motion 4 August grammar and vocabulary review Saint Louis School English Department Carlos Schwerter Garc í a

Using That, Which, and Who as Relative Pronouns That, which, and who when used as relative pronouns each has a distinct function. In modern speech, which refers only to things. Who (or its forms whom and whose) refers only to people. That normally refers to things but it may refer to a class or type of person. Examples: That is a book which I need for the class. These are the books that I need for the class. He is the man who will be teaching the class. They are the type of people who would lie to their mothers. They are the type of people that would lie to their mothers.

Subject and Object questions Subject Questions: You want to know who/what does something. ??? ate my chocolate. Who ate my chocolate? Object Questions: You want to know what someone did, or to whom/where/when. Tom ate ??? What did Tom eat? Subject questions are easy to make. You just use 'who' or 'what' instead of the subject of the sentence. Who wrote Hamlet? (answer: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Who is going home? (answer: My sister is going home.) Object questions are more common but more difficult to make. You need an auxiliary verb (do, be, have...) before the subject, and a main verb (go, make, think...) after it.

Linkers of contrast and addition When we want to introduce contrast in English, we use the following words: In spite of, Despite, Although, Even though, However, Nevertheless, and Whereas. It is important to know when and how to use these linkers: 1. ´In spite of’ and ‘Despite’ are followed by a noun phrase or a verb in the ‘ing’ form. Ex: Despite their money, they can’t buy happiness. Ex: In spite of having so much money, they aren’t very happy. 2. ‘Although’ and ‘Even though’ are followed by a complete sentence. Ex: Although she sang beautifully, she didn’t win the contest. Ex: I am going out tonight, even though I am really tired. 3. ‘However’ and ‘Nevertheless’ introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with a previously stated idea. The speaker usually makes a strong pause. In writing, these words are separated from the sentence they introduce by a comma. Ex: She was feeling very ill. However, she went to school. Ex: You need some help with your homework. Nevertheless, there are times when