PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 7 The Nervous System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc  Reflex—  Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs  Reflex arc—

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Effector Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 1 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Receptor (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 2 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Receptor Sensory neuron (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 3 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Sensory neuron Integration center (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 4 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Reflex Arc Figure 7.11a, step 5 Stimulus at distal end of neuron Skin Spinal cord (in cross section) Interneuron Receptor Effector Sensory neuron Motor neuron Integration center (a)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (c) (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 1 Spinal cord Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 2 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 3 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 4 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b, step 5 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 1 Spinal cord Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 2 Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 3 Spinal cord Inter- neuron Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4a Spinal cord Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) (c)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11c, step 4b Spinal cord Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) (c)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Reflex Arc Figure 7.11b–c Spinal cord Sensory (afferent) neuron Inter- neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Sensory receptors (stretch receptors in the quadriceps muscle) Sensory (afferent) neuron Sensory receptors (pain receptors in the skin) Effector (quadriceps muscle of thigh) Effector (biceps brachii muscle) Synapse in ventral horn gray matter (c) (b)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes and Regulation  Somatic reflexes  Activation of skeletal muscles  Example :

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes and Regulation  Autonomic reflexes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Reflexes and Regulation  Patellar Figure 7.11d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS)  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube  The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord  The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS) Figure 7.12a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain  Cerebral hemispheres

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.12b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum  Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)  Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain  The surface is made of ridges and grooves

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum  Lobes of the cerebrum  Fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes  Surface lobes of the cerebrum

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum  Specialized areas of the cerebrum  Primary somatic sensory area  Primary motor area  Broca’s area

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.14

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum  Cerebral areas involved in special senses

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum  Interpretation areas of the cerebrum

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.13c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum  Layers of the cerebrum  Gray matter  White matter  Corpus callosum connects hemispheres  Basal nuclei

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebrum Figure 7.15

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon  Sits on top of the brain stem  Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.12b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon Figure 7.16b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon  Thalamus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon  Hypothalamus  Under the thalamus  Important autonomic nervous system center

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon  Hypothalamus (continued)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Diencephalon  Epithalamus  Forms the roof of the third ventricle  Houses the pineal body  Includes the choroid plexus

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem  Attaches to the spinal cord  Parts of the brain stem

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem Figure 7.16a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem  Midbrain  Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers  Has two bulging fiber tracts—  Has four rounded protrusions—  Reflex centers for vision and hearing

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem  Pons  The bulging center part of the brain stem  Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem  Medulla Oblongata  The lowest part of the brain stem  Merges into the spinal cord  Includes important fiber tracts  Contains important control centers

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Brain Stem  Reticular Formation  Diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem  Involved in motor control of visceral organs  Reticular activating system (RAS)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem Figure 7.16b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum  Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain: Cerebellum Figure 7.16a