Introduction to Faults (p. 269-279; 286-296) 1) Hanging wall vs. footwall 2) Fault names: based on geometry & kinematics 3) Characteristics and terminology.

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to Faults (p ; ) 1) Hanging wall vs. footwall 2) Fault names: based on geometry & kinematics 3) Characteristics and terminology -Strike-slip faults -Normal faults -Thrust faults

Fault: Fractures along which there is visible offset by shear displacement; generally planar or curviplanar

Strike-slip faults: Accommodate horizontal slip between adjacent blocks left lateral vs. right lateral: sense-of-slip relative to a chosen block left lateral (sinistral) right lateral (dextral)

What is it? left lateral vs. right lateral Las Vegas shear zone

What is it?

What is it? (interpretation) left-lateral strike-slip fault

Hanging wall: The block toward which the fault dips. Footwall: The block on the underside of the fault.

Normal fault: hanging wall moves down with respect to footwall

Normal faults generally place younger and/or lower-grade rocks (in HW) on top of older and/or higher-grade rocks (in FW) Tertiary conglomerate Cambrian limestone HW FW

high-grade gneiss young “dirt” FW HW Normal faults generally place younger and/or lower-grade rocks (in HW) on top of older and/or higher-grade rocks (in FW)

Thrust fault (reverse fault): hanging wall moves upward relative to footwall HW FW

Thrust faults generally place older and/or higher-grade rocks (in HW) on top of younger and/or lower-grade rocks (in FW)

HW FW blueschist sandstone

Normal faults accommodate lengthening

Thrust faults accommodate shortening

Slip vs. Separation Slip: actual relative displacement Separation: apparent relative displacement

A real example of apparent separation vs. true slip!

The key to describing slip along a fault lies in measuring (1) Direction of displacement (2) Sense of displacement (3) Magnitude of displacement

Listric: curved faults that flatten with depth

Fault scarp: results when a fault displaces the ground surface

Map Symbols: a start -Strike-slip fault -Normal fault -Thrust fault -Fault dip and slip vector

Next lecture: Intro to folds Read pp

Important terminology/concepts Faults- how are they defined? Hanging wall Footwall Strike-slip fault; left-lateral (sinistral) vs. right-lateral (dextral) Normal faults: younger/lower grade on older/higher grade Lengthening Thrust faults: older/higher grade on younger/lower grade Shortening Slip vs. Separation? Drag fold Listric Fault scarp