Today’s Daily Quiz will be given at the end of the hour. Please close your laptops and turn off and put away your cell phones, and get out your note-taking materials.

Grade Scale Weekly Quiz 7 Results: Average class raw score: __________ Average class score after partial credit: _______ (Letter grade: ___) Practice quiz data: Average number of attempts: _______ Average best score: _______ Maximum number of attempts: _______ Number of students who didn’t take it: _______ (Remember, the weekly practice quiz is a required, 4-point assignment!) Commonly missed questions: #_______________

Section 6.1 Introduction to Factoring Polynomials: Greatest Common Factor (GCF), Factoring by Grouping

Review of factoring integer numbers: Factors When an integer is written as a product of prime integers, each of the integers in the product is a factor of the original number. Example 1: Factor 18 into a product of primes Solution: 18 = 2*9 = 2*3*3 = 2*3 2 Example 2: Factor 420 into a product of primes Solution: 420 = 10*42 = 2*5*2*21 = 2*5*2*3*7 = 2 2 *3*5*7

Factoring Polynomials: Factoring – writing a polynomial as a product of polynomials. When a polynomial is written as a product of polynomials, each of the polynomials in the product is a factor of the original polynomial. The process of factoring is similar to the work you did in section 5.3 (multiplying polynomials, ) but in reverse: Multiplication: (2x + 1)(x – 5) = 2x 2 – 9x - 5 Therefore the factoring of 2x 2 – 9x – 5 is (2x + 1)(x – 5)

The first step in factoring a polynomial is to always look for the Greatest Common Factor – the largest quantity that is a factor of all the terms of the polynomials involved. Finding the GCF of a List of Integers: 1) Factor each integer into its prime factors. 2) Identify common prime factors. 3) Take the product of all common prime factors. If there are no common prime factors, GCF is 1.

Example Find the GCF of each list of numbers. 1)12 and 8 12 = = So the GCF is 2 2 = 4. 2)7 and 20 7 = prime (can’t be broken down further) 20 = There are no common prime factors so the GCF is 1.

Example Find the GCF of 6, 8 and = = = 2 23 So the GCF is 2.

Finding the GCF of a list of variables: 1). Identify common variables (letters). 2). Look for the smallest power of that variable in your list. Examples: 1. Find the GCF of x 3 and x 7 x 3 = x x x x 7 = x x x x x x x So the GCF is x x x = x 3 2. Find the GCF of a 2 b 7 c and b 2 c 3 d 5 Answer: b 2 c 1

Example from today’s homework: y2z3y2z3

Finding the GCF of a list of terms: 1). Find the common factor of the coefficients 2). Find the common variables and powers

Example Find the GCF of the following list of terms. a 3 b 2, a 2 b 5 and a 4 b 7 The coefficient of all three terms is 1, so the common coefficient is 1 and need not be written. All of the terms contain an “a” term and a “b” term, so the look for the smallest power of each variable: The GCF is = a 2 b 2 Notice that the GCF of terms containing variables will use the smallest exponent found among the individual terms for each variable.

1) 30x 3 y 2 and 45x 7 y 30x 3 y 2 = x x x y y 45x 7 y= x x x x x x x y So the GCF is 3 5 x x x y = 15x 3 y 2) 6x 5 and 4x 3 6x 5 = 2 3 x x x x x 4x 3 = 2 2 x x x So the GCF is 2 x x x = 2x 3 Example Find the GCF of each list of terms.

The first step in factoring any kind of polynomial ALWAYS is to see if you can find a GCF (other than 1) of all its terms. If we can find such a GCF, then we write the polynomial as a product by factoring out the GCF from all the terms. The remaining factors in each term will form a polynomial this is written in parentheses after the GCF.

Example: Factor out the GCF in 6x 3 – 9x x: SOLUTION: GCF = 3x Now divide each term by 3x: 6x 3 = 2x 2 -9x 2 = -3x 12x = 4 3x 3x 3x ANSWER: 3x(2x 2 – 3x + 4) HOW WOULD YOU CHECK THIS ANSWER???? Multiply back out using the distributive property and see if you get back to the original polynomial. ALWAYS DO THIS!!!

Note that a question that says “find the GCF” of a list of terms only requires typing in the GCF for the answer. Problems that say “factor out the GCF” from a polynomial require you to write the GCF followed by another polynomial in parentheses. Examples: 1. Find the GCF of 2x 3, 10x 2, and 4x. Answer: 2x 2. Factor out the GCF of 2x x 2 + 4x. Answer: 2x (x 2 + 5x +2)

Example: GCF = 7xy Now divide each term by 7xy: 14x 3 y = 2x 2 7x 2 y = x -7xy = -1 7xy 7xy 7xy ANSWER: 7xy(2x 2 + x – 1) Factor out the GCF in 14x 3 y + 7x 2 y – 7xy NOW CHECK: Multiply back out using the distributive property and see if you get back to the original polynomial.

Example Factor out the GCF in each of the following polynomials. 1)6(x + 2) – y(x + 2): They both have an (x+2), so that’s the common factor. Pull that part out and just see what’s left: (x + 2)(6 – y) 2)xy(y + 1) – (y + 1): First write the – as a -1: xy(y + 1) – 1(y + 1) Now pull out the (y + 1) from both parts: (y + 1)(xy – 1) How would you check this? Now check this!

Factoring polynomials often involves additional techniques after initially factoring out any GCF. One technique is factoring by grouping., which is especially useful for 4-term polynomials. Example: Factor xy + y + 2x + 2 by grouping. First, we check all four terms to see if there are any common numbers or variables other than 1. There aren’t, but we can still factor it by grouping the four terms into two groups of two: xy + y + 2x + 2 = xy + y + 2x + 2 Now look for the common factor in each pair: xy + y = y(x+1) 2x + 2 = 2(x+1) So then y(x + 1) + 2(x + 1) = (x + 1)(y + 2)

Recap: Problem: Factor xy + y + 2x + 2 by grouping. Answer: (x + 1)(y + 2) How would you check this answer? You should always check answers of factoring problems by multiplying the factors back out to see if you get back to the original polynomial given in the problem. (Yes, you do have the check answer button on homework problems, but remember you won’t have that on quizzes and tests!)

SOLUTION: First, look for a GCF. (Always do this first!) There isn’t one, so now separate the four terms into two groups of two: x 3 + 4x + x Now factor each pair: x 3 + 4x = x(x 2 + 4) x = 1(x 2 + 4) Now rewrite the groups and pull out the common factor: x(x 2 + 4) + 1(x 2 + 4) = (x 2 + 4)(x + 1) Example Factor x 3 + 4x + x by grouping. How would you check this?

Remember that factoring out the GCF from the terms of a polynomial should always be the first step in factoring a polynomial. This will usually be followed by additional steps in the process. Example: Factor y 2 – 18x – 3xy 2. All of the coefficients are divisible by 3, so first factor out the 3: y 2 – 18x – 3xy 2 = 3(30 + 5y 2 – 6x – xy 2 ) Now factor the part inside by grouping: 5(6 + y 2 ) – x (6 + y 2 ) (6 + y 2 )(5 – x) Don’t forget to include the GCF in your final answer: ANSWER: 3(6 + y 2 )(5 – x)

Neither pair has a common factor (other than 1). Don’t give up yet: try rearranging the order of the factors. 2x + 18 – 9y – xy Now factor each pair: 2x + 18 = 2(x + 9) -9y – xy = -y(9 + x) This gives 2(x + 9) – y(9 + x), but the factors don’t look the same. Note that (x + 9) and (9 + x) are really the same thing, so we can write it as 2(x + 9) – y(x + 9) Now factor out the (x + 9) to get (x + 9)(2 – y) Example Factor 2x – 9y + 18 – xy by grouping. Now check this answer!

Warning: Some polynomials are PRIME. This means that they can’t be factored, just like a PRIME NUMBER. Example: 2ac 2 + 2a 2 c – 3c + c Step 1: Does this polynomial have a GCF that can be pulled out of all four factors? Answer: NO (ALWAYS check this first!!) Step 2: Next, try factoring by grouping, including rearranging the terms if it doesn’t work in the order given. Result: You’ll find that there’s no way to arrange these terms so that you can get the same binomial factor from each group. Therefore this polynomial is PRIME.

Expect this assignment (HW 32) to take at least an hour and a half, so don’t leave it to the last minute! Lab hours in 203: Mondays through Thursdays 8:00 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Please remember to sign in on the Math 110 clipboard by the front door of the lab

Please open your laptops, log in to the MyMathLab course web site, and open Daily Quiz 27. A scientific calculator may be used on this quiz. Remember to turn in your answer sheet to the TA when the quiz time is up.