Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time:

Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time: –Morphology

Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time: –Morphology n Studies the internal structure of words and their relationships

Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time: –Morpheme

Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time: –Morpheme n A minimal unit of meaning

Introduction to Linguistics n Review of last time: –Morpheme n A minimal unit of meaning –may be bound or free –can change the part of speech of a word

Introduction to Linguistics n Open and Closed Class Words

Introduction to Linguistics n Open and Closed Class Words –Open:

Introduction to Linguistics n Open and Closed Class Words –Open: n In the majority n can have an “unlimited” number of words created from them –ex: gork - gorker, gorking, gorked, gorks

Introduction to Linguistics n Open and Closed Class Words –Closed

Introduction to Linguistics n Open and Closed Class Words –Closed n Few or no words can be created from them. n Include conjunctions and prepositions

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words:

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Coining new words n Acronyms

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Coining new words n Acronyms –radar (radio detecting and ranging) –laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Coining new words n Acronyms –radar (radio detecting and ranging) –laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) n Abbreviation or shortening

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Coining new words n Acronyms –radar (radio detecting and ranging) –laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) n Abbreviation or shortening –PC, CD, Dr., Mrs.,

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Coining new words n Acronyms –radar (radio detecting and ranging) –laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) n Abbreviation or shortening –PC, CD, Dr., Mrs., n Clipping –fax, photo op

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Coining new words n Acronyms –radar (radio detecting and ranging) –laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) n Abbreviation or shortening –PC, CD, Dr., Mrs. n Clipping –fax, photo op n Blending –motel, edutainment

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Meaning Change

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Meaning Change n Generification –xerox, kleenex

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Meaning Change n Generification –xerox, kleenex n Category change –to porch the paper, to people an island n Metaphorical extension –“Let me chew on those new ideas”

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Compounds and Compounding

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Compounds and Compounding n noun + noun: landlord, chain-smoker n adjective + noun: high chair, wildfire n preposition + noun : overdose, underdog n verb + noun: scarecrow, go-cart n adj + adj.: red-hot, bittersweet n noun + adj.: sky-blue, earthbound n preposition + verb: overstuff, underfeed

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Compounds and Compounding n Meaning of compounds cannot always be predicted: –Bigfoot vs. bigwig –alligator shoes vs. horseshoes

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Morphological analysis

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Morphological analysis n Phonological change: initiate - initiation

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Morphological analysis n Phonological change: initiate - initiation n Category change: verb to noun

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Morphological analysis n Phonological change: initiate - initiation n Category change: verb to noun n Semantic change

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Backformation

Introduction to Linguistics n New Words: –Backformation n resurrectionto resurrect n preemptionto preempt n burglarburgle n laserto lase n backformationbackforming

Introduction to Linguistics n Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology

Introduction to Linguistics n Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology –Inflectional n Most languages have some form of inflection, morphemes which deal more with syntactic function than the creation of new words n English: walk, walks, walked n Irish: garsún, garsúin Latvian: akmens, akmenim, akmeni, akmen Latvian: akmens, akmenim, akmeni, akmen § n n Welsh: amdanaf, amdanat, amdano...

Introduction to Linguistics n Inflectional vs. Derivational Morphology –Derivational n Looks at compounds and new word creation, and generally involves at least two of the analytical markers we mentioned earlier (category change, phonological change, semantic change) n Modern, modernize, modernizer