Evidence for Evolution Chapter 2. Evidence of change through time: Living species Soapberry bugs Vestigial structures “Vestigial” genes (pseudogenes)

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Modern Classification Techniques
Advertisements

Evidence for evolution in Darwin’s time came from several sources.
Evolution by Natural Selection
Chapter 15 Table of Contents Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Evidence for Evolution  Evidence of change in organisms over time  Living species: evolution of beak length in soapberry bugs. evolution of beak length.
Chapter 10 Biology textbook
Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
Biology 101- Evidence of Evolution
Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Part II.
Evolution Test Study Guide Answers
Evidence for Evolution: Pattern I.Motivation How does evolution explain historical and contemporary patterns of biological diversity??
SB5C. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory
Evolution.
Review: Radiometric Dating If Uranium-239 isotope has a half-life of years, how many years would it take for all but 1/8 of the uranium to decay?
Evolution Test Review. 1. Give a definition for evolution. Why do living things need to evolve? Definition: living things changing over time by which.
Chapter 15 Table of Contents Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought
Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence Chapter 22, Section 3.
Lecture #3 Evidence of Evolution
Give me some proof! Evidence for Evolution. 1. Studies of Fossils What are Fossils? –Fossils are any trace of dead organisms.
Classification and Systematics Tracing phylogeny is one of the main goals of systematics, the study of biological diversity in an evolutionary context.
SB5C. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory
Evidence for Evolution ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTS! EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION  The Fossil Record  Radiometric Dating  Morphology  Homology  Molecular Biology.
Evidence of Evolution. 1.Fossil Record 2.Homologous Body structures 3.Similarities in Embryology 4.Biochemical Evidence.
Biology EOC Review Evolution. Evolution Explain biological evolution as the consequence of the interaction of population growth, inherited variability.
Darwinian Evolution Packet #57 Chapter #22. Pre-Darwin Prior to Darwin, scientist knew that fossil existed for centuries. Aristotle believed that organisms.
$200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 Category 3Category 4Category.
Darwin’s Evolution. Section 1 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection Darwin Proposed a Mechanism for Evolution Science Before Darwin’s Voyage Lamarck.
PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS Chapter 25. Sedimentary rocks are the richest source of fossils  Fossils are the preserved remnants or impressions left by.
Change over Time ©2008 Susan Anderson. Darwin  British Naturalist  Journey to Galapagos / South America  Saw: New/different SPECIES Fossils similar.
Evidence for Evolution - Fossils Can get relative dates using geologic principles - older layers are at the bottom, younger layers at the top Fossils that.
Chapter 15 – Theory of Evolution 15-2: Evidence of Evolution.
PHYLOGENY AND THE TREE OF LIFE CH 26. I. Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships A. Binomial nomenclature: – Genus + species name Homo sapiens.
{ Section 5.1 Change Over Time.  Adaptation: A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.  Species: A group of.
Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Theory Theories embody the highest level of certainty for comprehensive ideas in science. Thus, when someone claims.
Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection.
Write the underlined information into your notes.
Evolution Theory of Evolution  Variation of genes in every population.  Some individuals of a population or species are better suited to survive and.
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
10.1 Early Ideas About Evolution KEY CONCEPT There were theories of biological and geologic change before Darwin.
EK 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. Describe how the following example provides.
Evolution has left much evidence Ch The Fossil Record We use the past to help gather information about our present FOSSILS  –Found in _________.
Taxonomy & Phylogeny. B-5.6 Summarize ways that scientists use data from a variety of sources to investigate and critically analyze aspects of evolutionary.
Natural Selection (22) The Evolution of Populations (23)
10.2 Darwin’s Observations 10.1 Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution before Darwin. Evolution is the biological change over time by which descendants.
S&T: 3 pg. 310 give examples of types of evidence that Darwin gathered to develop the theory of evolution; Structural similarities among organisms. Geographic.
Principles of Evolution
Chapter 10 Biology textbook
Lecture #3 Evidence of Evolution
Descent with Modification
Bellringer #7 What did Pasteur do in his experiments on spontaneous generation that other scientists before him had not done? He used curved necked flasks.
Theory of Evolution.
The Nature of Change and Variation
Evolution: A change in a population over time.
Learning objectives How to interpret evolution by Natural selection
Evidence for Evolution
Evolution.
Name causes of genetic drift and describe how they work?
How do we get variations in the gene pool?
Evolution Part 2 Evidence & Types.
EVOLUTION UNIT 2016.
Chapter 20 Phylogenetic Trees.
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
Evolution: Change Over Time
Ch.10: Principles of Evolution
SB5C. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory
Evolution: Change Over Time
Jeopardy Final Jeopardy Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 $100
Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution.
Evolution Biology Mrs. Johnson.
Presentation transcript:

Evidence for Evolution Chapter 2

Evidence of change through time: Living species Soapberry bugs Vestigial structures “Vestigial” genes (pseudogenes)

Evolution of beak length in soapberry bugs – microevolution Native to southern US In Florida, native host plant is balloon vine –which occurs primarily on southern tip of Florida, on the Florida Keys, and less commonly, in central Florida Bugs feed by piercing the fruit with beak and inserting it into the seeds Flat-podded golden rain tree introduced to central Florida in 1926 Rain tree fruit are much thinner than balloon vine fruit

Evolution of beak length in soapberry bugs – microevolution Soapberry bugs in c. Florida started using rain trees as a host plant Populations of bugs living on thin-fruited rain trees evolved shorter beaks

Fig. 2.1(a) Evolutionary change in soapberry bugs

Fig. 2.1(b) Evolutionary change in soapberry bugs

More on soapberry bugs – 1 Beak length is a variable quantitative phenotype (also heritable) Phenotypic distributions on the two host plant species overlap But some bugs found on rain trees have much shorter beaks than any bugs found on balloon vines (and vice versa) Evolution of mean phenotype and the range of the phenotype “Standing” heritable variation enables populations to make evolutionary responses to changing environments (don’t have to wait for the “right” mutations)

More on soapberry bugs – 2 How do we know that this is really an evolutionary change, rather than simply a plastic growth response? Why does natural selection favor shorter beaks in populations that use rain trees as hosts? –a long-beaked bug can exploit both thick and thin fruit See “Exploring the Literature” #11 at the end of this chapter This appears to be an example of relatively modest morphological change (microevolution), but could this also be an example of speciation in progress?

Vestigial structures are evidence for evolution Reduced wings in flightless birds (e.g., kiwi) Reduced or missing eyes in cave organisms (e.g., Mexican tetras) –Eye development can be stimulated by transplantation of lens tissue from an eyed relative Vestigial digits during embyronic development in chickens Pelvises without hind limbs in whales

Fig. 2.8(a) Vestigial structural traits

Molecular vestiges – pseudogenes Pseudogenes – non-functional DNA sequences that share similarity with functional genes Arise through gene duplication followed by accumulation of mutations that cause one copy to become non-functional Example:  -globin gene and  globin –members of the globin gene family

Evidence of change through time: The fossil record Extinction Appearance of new forms in the fossil record – “Law of Succession” –glyptodonts and armadillos in S. America –Diprotodon and wombats in Australia Transitional forms –Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx fossil – 19th Cent. Engravings of the London specimen

Archaeopteryx vs. modern birds tut.php?id=13

Evidence of common ancestry – Homology Originally, and literally, the study of likeness Similarities among species that are not the result of functional necessity Example: the tetrapod forelimb

Fig Structural homologies – tetrapod forelimb

Homology is explained by common ancestry Darwin argued that homologous similarities were the result of inheritance from common ancestors — humans, moles, horses, dolphins and bats share similar limb skeletons because they all inherited their limbs from a common ancestor with a similar number and arrangement of bones

“Tree Thinking” If: –New species come from already existing species –Some species go extinct without leaving descendants –The total number of species does not decline over time Then: –Some species must leave two or more descendants –And, the history of life is a branching process that results in an evolutionary tree that describes relationships among species

Fig. 2.9 Darwin’s hypothetical evolutionary tree

More Tree Thinking Evolutionary trees define related groups of species in a nested hierarchy (more closely or more distantly related) Darwin realized that our ability to erect a hierarchical classification system (e.g., genus, family, order, class) was a direct consequence of branching evolution and common ancestry

Fig An evolutionary tree for eight species of cats

A phylogeny (evolutionary tree) is an hypothesis about relationships In the cat example, no one was around to see it happen Other investigators reach different conclusions about the details (e.g., lions and tigers are each other’s closest relative = sister taxa)

Molecular homology – processed pseudogenes Processed pseudogenes are pseudogenes that lack the introns and promoter regions found in their functional equivalents Thought to result from reverse transcription of processed mRNA The age of pseudogenes can be estimated by comparing the their nucleotide sequences to those of their functional partners (more differences = more time) In any phylogeny, pseudogenes that arose more recently (i.e., younger) will be shared by fewer taxa than older pseudogenes

Fig. 2.17(a) Processed pseudogenes used to test Darwin’s hypothesis of common ancestry

Fig. 2.17(b) Processed pseudogenes used to test Darwin’s hypothesis of common ancestry

Fig. 2.17(c) Processed pseudogenes used to test Darwin’s hypothesis of common ancestry

Fig The geological time scale

Radiometric dating – 1 Radioactive isotopes decay at known rates (= half- life) Relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes in a rock sample indicate the age of the rock Important assumptions: –Amount of daughter isotope at time rock was formed is known –Parent and daughter isotopes have not entered or left rock since its formation

Fig Radioactive decay

Radiometric dating – 2 See Table 2.1 of Freeman and Herron (p. 61)